FRESENIUS NEW HIRE EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS ALL VERIFIED BY AN EXPERT A+ GRADED (LATEST UPDATE)

The urinary system is made up of? - ANS 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, a bladder, and a urethra What is a nephron? - ANS Functional units of the kidney What is the nephron composed of? - ANS Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and tubules What are the 7 functions of a kidney? - ANS Acid/Base balance Water balance Electrolyte balance Toxin removal Blood pressure regulation Erythropoietin production Vitamin D metabolism What are the functions of a healthy kidney? - ANS Remove waste Regulates fluid balance, blood volume, electrolytes and acid base balance, synthesize calcitriol Secrete erythropoietin - stimulates bone marrow to make RBCs Release renin - increases bp What is GFR in the 5 stages of kidney disease? - ANS Stage 1 - Normal function 90+ Stage 2 - Mild reduced 60-89 Stage 3 - Moderately reduced 30-59 Stage 4 - Severely reduced 15-29 Stage 5 - Chronic kidney disease 15 What are the types and stages of kidney failure? - ANS Acute - sudden, severe, and usually reversible Chronic - slow onset, progressive, permanent What are classic signs of renal failure or uremia? - ANS Fluid overload SOB Hypertension Proteinuria What are 3 modalities of treatment for End-Stage Renal disease? - ANS Hemodialysis Peritoneal dialysis Transplantation What is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis? - ANS Hemodialysis - usually outpatient setting, can be done at home Peritoneal dialysis - done in the patients home When is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? - ANS Patients develop mild to severe reactions in some cases, usually seen the first half hour of treatment. Sneezing, itching, pain at the access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever. What are the body fluid compartments? - ANS Intracellular - inside the cells Extracellular - outside the cells Intravascular - inside the blood vessels Interstitial - between the cells Diffusion - ANS higher to lower concentration Osmosis - ANS lower to higher concentration Ultrafiltration - ANS Uses both negative and positive pressure to remove excess fluid Why is water used for dialysis treatment? - ANS Water contains contaminants, electrolytes, and impurities. Patients are exposed to large volumes of water during dialysis treatment, removed to protect patient What is chloramine and how is it different from chlorine? - ANS Chloramine - bleach and ammonia Chlorine - bleach What is the diasafe filter? - ANS Found on back of hemodialysis machine that allows for the delivery of ultrapure dialysate. What factors impact the rate of diffusion? - ANS Temperature Molecular weight of solutes Nature of the solution Membrane permeability Surface area Flow geometry convection Concentration gradient What happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot? - ANS Diffusion in decreased At what point during the hemodialysis treatment will diffusion cease to occur? - ANS Until the concentration of each electrolyte found in the patient's blood is equal to the electrolyte concentration in the dialysate. What is the largest factor that impacts ultrafiltration? - ANS Pressure What happens when the dialysate flow is turned off during the treatment? - ANS Blood is not cleaned and adequacy will decrease. What are the compartments of the dialyzer and what separates them? - ANS Blood compartment separated by a semi-permeable membrane.