FRESENIUS PCT NEW HIRE EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS ALL VERIFIED BY AN EXPERT A+ GRADED (LATEST UPDATE)

What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow? - ANS (2) Kidneys, (2) ureters, (1) bladder, (1) urethra. Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? - ANS Removal of waste products, and Regulation of fluid balance What is the function of renin? - ANS Renin is a hormone produced by the kidneys with important effects on the regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium and potassium balance Erythropoietin - ANS stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells (RBSc). Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D? - ANS The kidney converts Vitamin D to Calcitriol, its activated form. This activated form of Vitamin D helps to maintain good bone health by helping absorb calcium from foods eaten What causes renal osteodystrophy (bone disease)? - ANS No longer produce calcitriol - the active form of Vitamin D o Inadequate or lacking calcitriol causes demineralization of the bone - bone begins to break down to release the calcium needed for body functioning No longer excrete excess phosphorus (PO4) o Phosphorus is found in most foods and beverages o Increased PO4 levels cause further calcium bone loss What are the body fluid compartments? - ANS Intracellular-inside the cells • Extracellular-outside the cells • Intravascular-inside the blood vessels • Interstitial-between the cells What is homeostasis? - ANS Maintaining a stable internal environment uremia - ANS build up of waste What is a semi-permeable membrane? - ANS A membrane made from protein, with small pores or holes. Only certain molecules can fit through. At what point during the hemodialysis treatment will diffusion cease to occur? - ANS Diffusion will continue throughout the dialysis treatment until the concentration of each electrolyte found in the patient's blood is equal to the electrolyte concentration in the dialysate. What is countercurrent flow? - ANS Blood and dialysate flow in opposite directions What happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot? - ANS Clotted fibers cause the permeability of the fiber to be reduced or eliminated, causing a decrease in treatment adequacy. As a result , diffusion does not occur as particles cannot diffuse across the membrane. What are the compartments of the dialyzer and what separates them? - ANS The blood compartment is separated from the dialysate compartment by a semi-permeable membrane. The blood and dialysate do not mix together. What are three types of solutions? - ANS • Hypotonic-containing less particles • Isotonic-containing equal particles • Hypertonic-containing more particles When is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? - ANS Patients develop mild to severe reactions in some cases, usually seen the first half hour of treatment. Sneezing, itching, pain at the access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever, all may be symptoms of dialyzer membrane allergy, or allergy to the sterilant used in the manufacturing process