©JUSTTRACY EXAM SOLUTIONS
21/11/202410:20AM
Vaccinations Barbosa Exam 2 HOAD
Questions And Improved Responses
Most effective ways to prevent infectious diseases: - answers✔✔Prevent
transmission:Sanitation and Vector Control (for pathogens that spread through insect bites)
Prevent infection or disease: Vaccination/immunization when possible--Achieve 'herd
immunity or Disrupt the chain of infection
herd immunity - answers✔✔the resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a
population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the
disease, especially through vaccination.
Immunity can be achieved by - answers✔✔Active or passive immunization
Natural Adaptive Immunity - answers✔✔Active: Immunity that is gained from infection with
a live pathogen.
Passive: Maternal- through IgG crossing the placenta or IgA through breast milk
Adaptive artificial immunity - answers✔✔Passive: Antibody transfer through injection
Active: Vaccination
active immunization - answers✔✔Stimulate own immune system to elicit immunity
Long-term protection is desirable-- memory
passive immunization - answers✔✔Individual acquires immunity through the transfer of
antibodies formed by immune individual or animal
Temporary protection of 1-6 weeks due to antibodies being metabolized- antibody half life
Neonatal antibodies as example-IgG/IgA
Neonates are protected for the first six months of life by maternally derived antibody. What
for of immunization is this? - answers✔✔natural Passive immunization
, ©JUSTTRACY EXAM SOLUTIONS
21/11/202410:20AM
What immunological phenomenon is the basis ofvaccination? - answers✔✔Immunological
memory
Q&AIn general, when is maternally-derived IgG no longerdetectable in the neonatal
circulation? - answers✔✔6-8 months of age
Two main categories of vaccines - answers✔✔Live attenuated vaccines• -- Whole pathogen
Inactivated vaccines (require adjuvant/boosters)• Whole pathogen• Subunit Capsular, toxoids
RNA vaccines (most recent development)
Define immunogen - answers✔✔a substance that induces a specific immune response- can be
a protein, polypeptide or polysaccharide
Define adjuvant - answers✔✔a substance that enhances the body's immune response to
weakly immunogenic antigen by promoting inflammation
How does adjuvant promote inflammation - answers✔✔Promotes slow release of antigen →
prolonged immune stimulation → inflammation
Binds to PRRs → inflammatory response
Define Toxoid - answers✔✔a chemically modified toxin from a pathogenic microorganism,
which is no longer toxic but is still antigenic and can be used as a vaccine to form protective
antibodies
What is required for a good adaptive immune response - answers✔✔Inflammation
advantages of attenuated vaccines - answers✔✔mimic natural infection, mucosal immunity,
stimulates PRRs, induces abs, CD4,CD8 responses
disadvantages of attenuated vaccines - answers✔✔Possibility of reversion to virulence
Cannot be used in immunocompromised or pregnant patients
21/11/202410:20AM
Vaccinations Barbosa Exam 2 HOAD
Questions And Improved Responses
Most effective ways to prevent infectious diseases: - answers✔✔Prevent
transmission:Sanitation and Vector Control (for pathogens that spread through insect bites)
Prevent infection or disease: Vaccination/immunization when possible--Achieve 'herd
immunity or Disrupt the chain of infection
herd immunity - answers✔✔the resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a
population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the
disease, especially through vaccination.
Immunity can be achieved by - answers✔✔Active or passive immunization
Natural Adaptive Immunity - answers✔✔Active: Immunity that is gained from infection with
a live pathogen.
Passive: Maternal- through IgG crossing the placenta or IgA through breast milk
Adaptive artificial immunity - answers✔✔Passive: Antibody transfer through injection
Active: Vaccination
active immunization - answers✔✔Stimulate own immune system to elicit immunity
Long-term protection is desirable-- memory
passive immunization - answers✔✔Individual acquires immunity through the transfer of
antibodies formed by immune individual or animal
Temporary protection of 1-6 weeks due to antibodies being metabolized- antibody half life
Neonatal antibodies as example-IgG/IgA
Neonates are protected for the first six months of life by maternally derived antibody. What
for of immunization is this? - answers✔✔natural Passive immunization
, ©JUSTTRACY EXAM SOLUTIONS
21/11/202410:20AM
What immunological phenomenon is the basis ofvaccination? - answers✔✔Immunological
memory
Q&AIn general, when is maternally-derived IgG no longerdetectable in the neonatal
circulation? - answers✔✔6-8 months of age
Two main categories of vaccines - answers✔✔Live attenuated vaccines• -- Whole pathogen
Inactivated vaccines (require adjuvant/boosters)• Whole pathogen• Subunit Capsular, toxoids
RNA vaccines (most recent development)
Define immunogen - answers✔✔a substance that induces a specific immune response- can be
a protein, polypeptide or polysaccharide
Define adjuvant - answers✔✔a substance that enhances the body's immune response to
weakly immunogenic antigen by promoting inflammation
How does adjuvant promote inflammation - answers✔✔Promotes slow release of antigen →
prolonged immune stimulation → inflammation
Binds to PRRs → inflammatory response
Define Toxoid - answers✔✔a chemically modified toxin from a pathogenic microorganism,
which is no longer toxic but is still antigenic and can be used as a vaccine to form protective
antibodies
What is required for a good adaptive immune response - answers✔✔Inflammation
advantages of attenuated vaccines - answers✔✔mimic natural infection, mucosal immunity,
stimulates PRRs, induces abs, CD4,CD8 responses
disadvantages of attenuated vaccines - answers✔✔Possibility of reversion to virulence
Cannot be used in immunocompromised or pregnant patients
