Maryville University Pharmacology 615, chapters 1-4 Study Guide Solutions

Maryville University Pharmacology 615, chapters 1-4 Study Guide Solutions early part of drug development - ANSWER-preclinical stage phase one clinical trials - ANSWER-establish biological effects as well as safe dosages and pharmacokinetics in a small number of healthy patients phase two clinical trials - ANSWER-new drug used to treat disease in a small number of patients and establish the potential of the drug to improve outcomes phase three clinical trials - ANSWER-compare the new medication to standard therapy two types of drug responses - ANSWER-quantal and graded guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins (G proteins) - ANSWER-seven regions of protein span the cell membrane to create a pocket for drugs to bind drugs can act on one of three types of receptor sites (agonists/full agonists, antagonists, partial antagonists) unless they are - ANSWER-of a type that do not act through receptors. i.e. general anesthetics, sodium bicarbonate Copyright ©SOPHIABENNETT 2025 ACADEMIC YEARALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page 2/15 metabolism - ANSWER-changing one chemical into another first step in WHO process to prescribe - ANSWER-develop an accurate diagnosis three types of treatment goals with medications - ANSWER-curative, symptom relieving, preventative homeostasis - ANSWER-the tendency of a cell, tissue, or the body not to respond to drugs but instead to maintain the internal environment by adjust physiological processes.. effects of route of administration are dependent on what 4 factors? - ANSWER- compliance, bioavailability, onset of action, duration of action half-life - ANSWER-time over which the drug concentration will decrease by half. drug interactions - ANSWER-there are a limited number of drug-metabolizing enzymes, and these enzymes can metabolize only one drug molecule at a time. excretion - ANSWER-process by which the drugs are transferred from inside the body to outside the body which organ is the primary organ of excretion for most drugs? - ANSWER-kidneys As many as___ percent of patients do not take their medications as prescribed, or do not take them at all - ANSWER-50% Copyright ©SOPHIABENNETT 2025 ACADEMIC YEARALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page 3/15 Passive monitoring of a patient on medication involves: - ANSWER-patient is educated on the expected outcome of the drug therapy and is instructed to contact the provider if the treatment is not effective or adverse drug effects occur. active monitoring of a patient on medication involves: - ANSWER-evaluating therapeutic blood levels and making dosage adjustments cost effective practices of the prescriber include: - ANSWER-considering the cost to the patient and the health care system. prescription of a generic when possible is helpful. extra care must be taken when prescribing to the following three types of patients: - ANSWER-children, the elderly, pregnant women antidote - ANSWER-substance that relieves, prevents, or counteracts the effect of a poison bioavailability - ANSWER-portion of a drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation and is available to act on body cell