©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
ANTH 224 Midterm Exam Questions With
Correct Answers.
Evolution - answer✔change over time in populations; as a theory, it is a framework for
understanding and interpreting variation (causes of change over time in a population); changes
in patterns of heritable variation in a population over time
theory - answer✔explanatory framework
natural selection - answer✔a process in which individuals who have certain inherited traits tend
to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits;
heritable variation is adaptive (unlikely for new mutations); outcome of variation
genetic drift - answer✔evolutionary change due to chance; trait/gene doesn't affect fitness
("neutral"); (neutral theory: most new mutations should be neutral); outcome of variation
mutation - answer✔random changes in the genome, replication error in production and
duplication of DNA; source of variation
gene flow - answer✔(or migration) populations flowing between each other; source of variation
variation - answer✔populations are composed of individuals that vary; at least some of this
variation is heritable
variance vs. variant vs. vary - answer✔variance: statistical; variant: version of a thing that
varies; vary: be different
genotype - answer✔genetic makeup of an organism
allele - answer✔version of a gene (genotype)
phenotype - answer✔physical characteristics of an organism (physical rep. of genotype)
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) - answer✔one base-pair variation in the genome
sequence
microevolution - answer✔change below the level of the species
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, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
macroevolution - answer✔change above the level of the species (lack of gene flow b/w
populations, barrier to gene flow -> ancestral pop. decent into 2 species)
race - answer✔a political category that is disguised as a biological one (conceptual qualities:
essentialism, biological determinism, taxonomy, shared essence)
ethnic group - answer✔often assumed to have a biological basis (shared "blood" or genes) and
is called race
essence/essentialist - answer✔members share common essence (e.g. blood)
biological determinism - answer✔shared essence imbues fixed properties (appearance,
behavior, etc.)
taxonomy - answer✔discrete, immutable groups with separate histories and hierarchical
relationships
Caucasian - answer✔term coined by Johann Blumenbach to white people (from the Caucasus)
inaccurate?
Dmanisi - answer✔Georgia, 1.75 mya, Homo erectus, many skulls, lots of variation
evolutionary tree - answer✔a diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of
organisms
Bacon's Rebellion - answer✔for social and political reasons, folks in charge wanted to break up
racial solidarity to stop uprisings (divide based on background); legal codification starts, people
with different backgrounds having different rights
Al-Jahiz - answer✔(776-868) wide clinal and gradual variation of skin color in; coordination with
a north/south axis (latitude)
Ibn Khaldun - answer✔(1332-1406) wide clinal and gradual variation of skin color in;
coordination with a north/south axis (latitude)
François Bernier - answer✔(1620-1688)"...four or five species"; Europeans, Africans, Asians, and
Lapps (Scandinavia/Northern Europe)
Carl von Linne - answer✔(17071778) taxonomy; some types of organisms are going to be more
similar to another → clustered/hierarchical groups of organisms; four "varieties" of humans:
contributes inherent traits to these groups, American (red, choleric, upright), European (white,
sanguine, muscular), Asian (pale yellow, melancholy, stiff), African (black, phlegmatic, relaxed)
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11/16/2024 10:16 AM
ANTH 224 Midterm Exam Questions With
Correct Answers.
Evolution - answer✔change over time in populations; as a theory, it is a framework for
understanding and interpreting variation (causes of change over time in a population); changes
in patterns of heritable variation in a population over time
theory - answer✔explanatory framework
natural selection - answer✔a process in which individuals who have certain inherited traits tend
to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits;
heritable variation is adaptive (unlikely for new mutations); outcome of variation
genetic drift - answer✔evolutionary change due to chance; trait/gene doesn't affect fitness
("neutral"); (neutral theory: most new mutations should be neutral); outcome of variation
mutation - answer✔random changes in the genome, replication error in production and
duplication of DNA; source of variation
gene flow - answer✔(or migration) populations flowing between each other; source of variation
variation - answer✔populations are composed of individuals that vary; at least some of this
variation is heritable
variance vs. variant vs. vary - answer✔variance: statistical; variant: version of a thing that
varies; vary: be different
genotype - answer✔genetic makeup of an organism
allele - answer✔version of a gene (genotype)
phenotype - answer✔physical characteristics of an organism (physical rep. of genotype)
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) - answer✔one base-pair variation in the genome
sequence
microevolution - answer✔change below the level of the species
1|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
macroevolution - answer✔change above the level of the species (lack of gene flow b/w
populations, barrier to gene flow -> ancestral pop. decent into 2 species)
race - answer✔a political category that is disguised as a biological one (conceptual qualities:
essentialism, biological determinism, taxonomy, shared essence)
ethnic group - answer✔often assumed to have a biological basis (shared "blood" or genes) and
is called race
essence/essentialist - answer✔members share common essence (e.g. blood)
biological determinism - answer✔shared essence imbues fixed properties (appearance,
behavior, etc.)
taxonomy - answer✔discrete, immutable groups with separate histories and hierarchical
relationships
Caucasian - answer✔term coined by Johann Blumenbach to white people (from the Caucasus)
inaccurate?
Dmanisi - answer✔Georgia, 1.75 mya, Homo erectus, many skulls, lots of variation
evolutionary tree - answer✔a diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of
organisms
Bacon's Rebellion - answer✔for social and political reasons, folks in charge wanted to break up
racial solidarity to stop uprisings (divide based on background); legal codification starts, people
with different backgrounds having different rights
Al-Jahiz - answer✔(776-868) wide clinal and gradual variation of skin color in; coordination with
a north/south axis (latitude)
Ibn Khaldun - answer✔(1332-1406) wide clinal and gradual variation of skin color in;
coordination with a north/south axis (latitude)
François Bernier - answer✔(1620-1688)"...four or five species"; Europeans, Africans, Asians, and
Lapps (Scandinavia/Northern Europe)
Carl von Linne - answer✔(17071778) taxonomy; some types of organisms are going to be more
similar to another → clustered/hierarchical groups of organisms; four "varieties" of humans:
contributes inherent traits to these groups, American (red, choleric, upright), European (white,
sanguine, muscular), Asian (pale yellow, melancholy, stiff), African (black, phlegmatic, relaxed)
2|Page
