TSAC-F 2 exam
questions and answers
Skeletal System Composition - answer 206 Bones in adult body
provides leverage, support, and protection
Pulled on by muscles to allow the body to push or pull against external
objects
Axial Skeleton - answer Skull, Vertebral Column, Ribs and Sternum
Appendicular Skeleton - answer Shoulder Girdle; bones of arms, wrists,
hands, and pelvic girdle; bones of legs, ankles, and feet
Joints - answer Junctions of bones
Fibrous Joint - answer Allows virtually no movement (Sutures of skull)
Cartilaginous Joint - answer Allows limited movement (intervetebral)
Synovial Joint - answer Allows considerable movement (elbows/knees)
Uniaxial - answer Hinge, rotate around one axis (elbow)
Biaxial - answer Operate in two perpendicular planes (ankle/wrist)
Multiaxial - answer Allow movement in all three axes (shoulder/hip)
Vertebral Column - answer Cervical 7 (lordotic curve)
,Thoracic 12 (Kyphotic curve)
Lumbar 5 (Lordotic)
Sacral 5 ( Kyphotic)
Coccygeal 3-5
Curves help to distribute forces
Muscle Tissue - answer Epimysium (outer layer)
Perimysium (surrounding group of fibers/fascicules)
Endomysium (surrounding individual fibers)
Fascia - answer Delicate "cobwebby" tissue
Motor Unit - answer Motor Neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
Typically several hundred muscle fibers in a single motor unit
Sarcolemma - answer The plasma membrane of a cell
Transverse Tubules - answer Connect to plasma membrane to interior
Action potentials travel through
Ensures AP excites all parts of the muscle fiber at the same time
Sarcoplasm (muscle cytoplasm) - answer Glycogen, myoglobin,
mitochondrion
Myofibrils - answer Contractile organelles
Extend length of muscle fiber
,Sarcoplasmic Reticulum - answer Membranous sacs around each myofibril
Stores Calcium ions (Ca2+)
Release of Ca2+ triggers muscle contraction
Filaments - answer Function in the contractile process
Thick and thin filaments
2 thin for every 1 thick
Sarcomere - answer Compartments of arranged filaments
Basic functional unit of a myofibril
Troponin & Tropomyosin - answer Regulating proteins that cover binding
sites
Skeletal Muscle Striated appearance - answer Arrangement of Actin (thin)
and Myosin (thick)
Sliding-Filament Theory of Muscular Contraction - answer Actin filament at
each end of the sarcomere slide inward on the myosin filaments, pulling
the Z-discs towards the M-line/center of the sarcomere (shortening the
muscle fiber)
Sliding-Filament phases - answer Resting Phase
Excitation-contraction coupling phase
Contraction phase
Recharge phase
Relaxation phase
-70 resting, -55 threshold
, Maximal Contraction of Myofibril - answer Low force potential due to
reduced crossbridge-actin alignment
Muscle Action Potential - answer Release acetylcholine
Activation of ACh receptors
Production of muscle action potential
Termination of ACh activity (rapidly broken down by AChE)
Excitation-Contraction Coupling - answer Increase in Ca2+ concentration
in the muscle starts contraction
Decrease in Ca2+ stops it
Action Potentials causes Ca2+ to be released from the SR into the muscle
cell
Muscle cell membrane pumps Ca2+ back into SR
Myosin binding sites are covered and the muscle relaxes
Contraction cycle - answer ATP hydrolysis
Formation of cross-bridges = myosin attaches to myosin binding sites on
actin
Power Stroke = crossbridges rotate, sliding the filaments
Detachment of myosin from Actin = as the next ATP binds to the myosin
head the myosin head detaches from binding site
Cycle will continue as long as ATP and Ca2+ Levels are high
Force Production of a Muscle - answer Dictated by the number of
crossbridges that are formed between actin and myosin
questions and answers
Skeletal System Composition - answer 206 Bones in adult body
provides leverage, support, and protection
Pulled on by muscles to allow the body to push or pull against external
objects
Axial Skeleton - answer Skull, Vertebral Column, Ribs and Sternum
Appendicular Skeleton - answer Shoulder Girdle; bones of arms, wrists,
hands, and pelvic girdle; bones of legs, ankles, and feet
Joints - answer Junctions of bones
Fibrous Joint - answer Allows virtually no movement (Sutures of skull)
Cartilaginous Joint - answer Allows limited movement (intervetebral)
Synovial Joint - answer Allows considerable movement (elbows/knees)
Uniaxial - answer Hinge, rotate around one axis (elbow)
Biaxial - answer Operate in two perpendicular planes (ankle/wrist)
Multiaxial - answer Allow movement in all three axes (shoulder/hip)
Vertebral Column - answer Cervical 7 (lordotic curve)
,Thoracic 12 (Kyphotic curve)
Lumbar 5 (Lordotic)
Sacral 5 ( Kyphotic)
Coccygeal 3-5
Curves help to distribute forces
Muscle Tissue - answer Epimysium (outer layer)
Perimysium (surrounding group of fibers/fascicules)
Endomysium (surrounding individual fibers)
Fascia - answer Delicate "cobwebby" tissue
Motor Unit - answer Motor Neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
Typically several hundred muscle fibers in a single motor unit
Sarcolemma - answer The plasma membrane of a cell
Transverse Tubules - answer Connect to plasma membrane to interior
Action potentials travel through
Ensures AP excites all parts of the muscle fiber at the same time
Sarcoplasm (muscle cytoplasm) - answer Glycogen, myoglobin,
mitochondrion
Myofibrils - answer Contractile organelles
Extend length of muscle fiber
,Sarcoplasmic Reticulum - answer Membranous sacs around each myofibril
Stores Calcium ions (Ca2+)
Release of Ca2+ triggers muscle contraction
Filaments - answer Function in the contractile process
Thick and thin filaments
2 thin for every 1 thick
Sarcomere - answer Compartments of arranged filaments
Basic functional unit of a myofibril
Troponin & Tropomyosin - answer Regulating proteins that cover binding
sites
Skeletal Muscle Striated appearance - answer Arrangement of Actin (thin)
and Myosin (thick)
Sliding-Filament Theory of Muscular Contraction - answer Actin filament at
each end of the sarcomere slide inward on the myosin filaments, pulling
the Z-discs towards the M-line/center of the sarcomere (shortening the
muscle fiber)
Sliding-Filament phases - answer Resting Phase
Excitation-contraction coupling phase
Contraction phase
Recharge phase
Relaxation phase
-70 resting, -55 threshold
, Maximal Contraction of Myofibril - answer Low force potential due to
reduced crossbridge-actin alignment
Muscle Action Potential - answer Release acetylcholine
Activation of ACh receptors
Production of muscle action potential
Termination of ACh activity (rapidly broken down by AChE)
Excitation-Contraction Coupling - answer Increase in Ca2+ concentration
in the muscle starts contraction
Decrease in Ca2+ stops it
Action Potentials causes Ca2+ to be released from the SR into the muscle
cell
Muscle cell membrane pumps Ca2+ back into SR
Myosin binding sites are covered and the muscle relaxes
Contraction cycle - answer ATP hydrolysis
Formation of cross-bridges = myosin attaches to myosin binding sites on
actin
Power Stroke = crossbridges rotate, sliding the filaments
Detachment of myosin from Actin = as the next ATP binds to the myosin
head the myosin head detaches from binding site
Cycle will continue as long as ATP and Ca2+ Levels are high
Force Production of a Muscle - answer Dictated by the number of
crossbridges that are formed between actin and myosin
