NURS 525 Exam 3 Guide With
Complete Solution
Types of Trauma
•Natural or Human-caused: convenience store robbery at gunpoint, bridge
collapse
•Individual Trauma: mugging, rape, work-related injury
•Group Trauma: first responders, military
•Community/Cultural: historical, mass trauma
•Interpersonal: intimate partner violence (IPV--20% of female nonfatal
violence)
•Developmental: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
•Political Terror and War: refugees
,•System Oriented: re-traumatization
Trauma
Result of an event that is experienced by an individual as physically or
emotionally harmful or life threatening and that has lasting adverse effects
on the individual's functioning and mental, physical, social, emotional, or
spiritual well-being.
Consequences of Trauma
•Increases symptom severity;
•Increases duration of illness;
•Increases likelihood of psychosis (dose dependent)
•Increases likelihood of dissociative disorders, depressive and anxiety
disorders, substance use disorders.
ACEs
Constant state of stress has been shown to shrink the
hippocampus(responsible for memory), also can alter the amygdala
(fear-processing), and immune/endocrine systems.
--> Trauma PARTICULARLY harmful from 0-3y when neural connections are
forming
Includes: abuse, neglect, household dysfunction.
Questionnaire for guidance of risk; does NOT take into account protective
,factors. (Any "yes:, increases lifetime SI risk by 2-5X, >6 means 24X more
likely).
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
-Are common ( including middle class)
-Cluster (more than one experienced)
-Have a correlation with physical and mental health problems
(>experiences=poorer health outcomes later in life)
Child Abuse, Neglect
ACE Studies show ______ and ______ are the single most preventable cause of:
-mental illness
-the single most common cause of drug and alcohol abuse
-significant contributor to leading causes of death such as diabetes, heart
disease, cancer, stroke, and suicide
Brain Stem
Connected to the retina, senses trauma and provides fast, defensive response
before higher levels of the brain are even aware of the threat.
PAG(Periaqueductal Gray)
Area of the brain stem that initiates fight or flight of the sympathetic NS--
increased HR, BP, dilated pupils
Fight-Flight-Freeze
, Body's reaction to trauma; decisions are NOT A COGNITIVE CHOICE-- made
at the level of the brain stem and nervous system
-->In inescapable trauma, it is ADAPTIVE to SHUTDOWN (state of "no pain",
no longer aware of surroundings, breathing and HR drops)
Broca's Area
During trauma "flashback", if this area is NOT functioning you are unable to
put thoughts and feelings into words. Victims may sit MUTE for hours OR
SCREAM scream obscenities, howl, or shut down
--"Speechless horror" or "I have no words to describe..."
Brodmann's Area
19 Area of the visual cortex which registers images; this area lights up during
trauma and remains active LONG AFTER the trauma event
--Body can re-experience terror, rage, helplessness, and the urge to flee
Left Side
Side of the brain dealing with linguistic, sequential, & analytical, contains
Broca's Area.
-Puts experiences in order
-Recalls facts, statistics, and events
When DEACTIVATED:
-Cannot organize experience into logical sequence
-Cannot translate feelings and perceptions into words
Complete Solution
Types of Trauma
•Natural or Human-caused: convenience store robbery at gunpoint, bridge
collapse
•Individual Trauma: mugging, rape, work-related injury
•Group Trauma: first responders, military
•Community/Cultural: historical, mass trauma
•Interpersonal: intimate partner violence (IPV--20% of female nonfatal
violence)
•Developmental: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
•Political Terror and War: refugees
,•System Oriented: re-traumatization
Trauma
Result of an event that is experienced by an individual as physically or
emotionally harmful or life threatening and that has lasting adverse effects
on the individual's functioning and mental, physical, social, emotional, or
spiritual well-being.
Consequences of Trauma
•Increases symptom severity;
•Increases duration of illness;
•Increases likelihood of psychosis (dose dependent)
•Increases likelihood of dissociative disorders, depressive and anxiety
disorders, substance use disorders.
ACEs
Constant state of stress has been shown to shrink the
hippocampus(responsible for memory), also can alter the amygdala
(fear-processing), and immune/endocrine systems.
--> Trauma PARTICULARLY harmful from 0-3y when neural connections are
forming
Includes: abuse, neglect, household dysfunction.
Questionnaire for guidance of risk; does NOT take into account protective
,factors. (Any "yes:, increases lifetime SI risk by 2-5X, >6 means 24X more
likely).
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
-Are common ( including middle class)
-Cluster (more than one experienced)
-Have a correlation with physical and mental health problems
(>experiences=poorer health outcomes later in life)
Child Abuse, Neglect
ACE Studies show ______ and ______ are the single most preventable cause of:
-mental illness
-the single most common cause of drug and alcohol abuse
-significant contributor to leading causes of death such as diabetes, heart
disease, cancer, stroke, and suicide
Brain Stem
Connected to the retina, senses trauma and provides fast, defensive response
before higher levels of the brain are even aware of the threat.
PAG(Periaqueductal Gray)
Area of the brain stem that initiates fight or flight of the sympathetic NS--
increased HR, BP, dilated pupils
Fight-Flight-Freeze
, Body's reaction to trauma; decisions are NOT A COGNITIVE CHOICE-- made
at the level of the brain stem and nervous system
-->In inescapable trauma, it is ADAPTIVE to SHUTDOWN (state of "no pain",
no longer aware of surroundings, breathing and HR drops)
Broca's Area
During trauma "flashback", if this area is NOT functioning you are unable to
put thoughts and feelings into words. Victims may sit MUTE for hours OR
SCREAM scream obscenities, howl, or shut down
--"Speechless horror" or "I have no words to describe..."
Brodmann's Area
19 Area of the visual cortex which registers images; this area lights up during
trauma and remains active LONG AFTER the trauma event
--Body can re-experience terror, rage, helplessness, and the urge to flee
Left Side
Side of the brain dealing with linguistic, sequential, & analytical, contains
Broca's Area.
-Puts experiences in order
-Recalls facts, statistics, and events
When DEACTIVATED:
-Cannot organize experience into logical sequence
-Cannot translate feelings and perceptions into words
