NEUROLOGICAL PHYSIOTHERAPY. ALL EXAM REVISION
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (ALREADY GRADED
A+) (2024 UPDATE) 100%
Physiotherapy Treatment for Spasticity - ANSWER- active exercises, passive exercises + home
program, robotic assistance (mechanical assistance passive movement), strengthening exercises,
task specific training, constraint-induced therapy (ie constrain good side affected side used more),
biofeedback, eStim, orthoses, splints
Cerebellar Anatomical Pathways - ANSWER- Vestibulocerebellar
Spino-cerebellar
Cerebro-cerebellar
Balance - ANSWER- the ability to control the body mass relative to the base of support
(maintain CoM over BoS)
Disturbances; gravity, muscle activity, external perturbations
Base of Support - ANSWER- the area beneath object or person that includes every point of
contact that the object or person makes with the supporting surface
Centre of Mass - ANSWER- the point about which the mass is evenly distributed
Types of fall strategies - ANSWER- Ankle (small, low amplitude perturbations)
Hip (fast, large amplitude perturbations)
,Steppage (fast, large amplitude perturbations- BOS moves to catch up with COG)
Suspensory
Balance; sensory information - ANSWER- vestibular, vision, somatosensory
Balance; Motor response - ANSWER- muscle strength, motor control, jt ROM, muscle length,
pain-free, coordination
Balance; Motor planning - ANSWER- CNS processing, sensory input -> appropriate motor
output
Limit of Stability - ANSWER- Distance in any direction a subject can lean away from midline
without altering the BoS
Vestibular - ANSWER- position of head in relation to gravity, linear & angular acceleration of
the head
Proprioception - ANSWER- where limb is in space, muscle, jt & cutaneous (pressure & tactile)
receptors information. Length & force output, position in space & surface details.
Vision - ANSWER- information about the body in relation to environment, distance to objects,
stationary or moving, time to contact, reference for verticality, peripheral vision, with decreasing
BOS & decreasing skill -> vision becomes more important
Fall - ANSWER- An event which results in a person coming to rest inadvertently on the ground
or some lower level
Clinical Outcome Measures; Standing Balance - ANSWER- FRT/MFRT
, Neurological Physiotherapy - ANSWER- Reducing activity limitations and
participation restrictions and to
optimise quality of life for people who
experience disorders of the central
nervous system
Upper motor neuron (UMN) - ANSWER- collective term including all the descending
pathways that control the activities of the
neurons that supply the muscles (LMNs)
- originate in higher centres (i.e. motor cortex) & synapse with LMNs
Lower motor neuron (LMN) - ANSWER- motor neurons in the ventral (anterior) horns of the
spinal cord and in the motor nuclei of
the cranial nerves
- originate in the spinal cord & brainstem
- directly innervate skeletal muscle
First order neurons (Sensory) - ANSWER- - activated in the periphery by sensory input (e.g.
touch,
proprioception, vision)
- can synapse with other sensory neurons (second- or third-order
neurons) for transmission towards the cortex, or with motor neurons
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (ALREADY GRADED
A+) (2024 UPDATE) 100%
Physiotherapy Treatment for Spasticity - ANSWER- active exercises, passive exercises + home
program, robotic assistance (mechanical assistance passive movement), strengthening exercises,
task specific training, constraint-induced therapy (ie constrain good side affected side used more),
biofeedback, eStim, orthoses, splints
Cerebellar Anatomical Pathways - ANSWER- Vestibulocerebellar
Spino-cerebellar
Cerebro-cerebellar
Balance - ANSWER- the ability to control the body mass relative to the base of support
(maintain CoM over BoS)
Disturbances; gravity, muscle activity, external perturbations
Base of Support - ANSWER- the area beneath object or person that includes every point of
contact that the object or person makes with the supporting surface
Centre of Mass - ANSWER- the point about which the mass is evenly distributed
Types of fall strategies - ANSWER- Ankle (small, low amplitude perturbations)
Hip (fast, large amplitude perturbations)
,Steppage (fast, large amplitude perturbations- BOS moves to catch up with COG)
Suspensory
Balance; sensory information - ANSWER- vestibular, vision, somatosensory
Balance; Motor response - ANSWER- muscle strength, motor control, jt ROM, muscle length,
pain-free, coordination
Balance; Motor planning - ANSWER- CNS processing, sensory input -> appropriate motor
output
Limit of Stability - ANSWER- Distance in any direction a subject can lean away from midline
without altering the BoS
Vestibular - ANSWER- position of head in relation to gravity, linear & angular acceleration of
the head
Proprioception - ANSWER- where limb is in space, muscle, jt & cutaneous (pressure & tactile)
receptors information. Length & force output, position in space & surface details.
Vision - ANSWER- information about the body in relation to environment, distance to objects,
stationary or moving, time to contact, reference for verticality, peripheral vision, with decreasing
BOS & decreasing skill -> vision becomes more important
Fall - ANSWER- An event which results in a person coming to rest inadvertently on the ground
or some lower level
Clinical Outcome Measures; Standing Balance - ANSWER- FRT/MFRT
, Neurological Physiotherapy - ANSWER- Reducing activity limitations and
participation restrictions and to
optimise quality of life for people who
experience disorders of the central
nervous system
Upper motor neuron (UMN) - ANSWER- collective term including all the descending
pathways that control the activities of the
neurons that supply the muscles (LMNs)
- originate in higher centres (i.e. motor cortex) & synapse with LMNs
Lower motor neuron (LMN) - ANSWER- motor neurons in the ventral (anterior) horns of the
spinal cord and in the motor nuclei of
the cranial nerves
- originate in the spinal cord & brainstem
- directly innervate skeletal muscle
First order neurons (Sensory) - ANSWER- - activated in the periphery by sensory input (e.g.
touch,
proprioception, vision)
- can synapse with other sensory neurons (second- or third-order
neurons) for transmission towards the cortex, or with motor neurons
