Pathophysiology - module 1 - Exam 1

Pathophysiology - answerinvolves the study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes - based on a loss of or change in normal structure and function - focuses on the effects of abnormalities at the organ level Pathology - answerthe laboratory study of cell and tissue changes associated with disease Disease - answera deviation from the normal state of health or from a state of wellness Normal Values for Health Indicators - answer1) be a nonsmoker and avoid second-hand smoke 2) 5 - 10 servings of vegetables and fruit a day 3) be physically active on a regular basis 4) protect yourself and your family from the sun 5) follow cancer screening guidelines 6) visit doctor or dentist if you notice any change in normal health 7) follow health and safety instructions at home and at work when using, storing and disposing of hazardous materials Building Blocks for Facilitating Study of Specific Disease - answer+ the signs related to the specific site of damage and + the signs related to the pathologic process taking place Homeostasis - answera relatively constant or stable internal environment with respect to factors including blood pressure, body temperature and fluid balance Prevention - answerthis has become a primary focus in health care Steps in Three Stage Research Process - answerFirst - referred to as "basic science" in which researchers work to identify a technology that will work to limit or prevent the disease process + Second - involves number of human subjects to determine if the therapy is safe for humans + Third - only takes place if the results of a previous research are positive - the majority of therapies do not make it to this point - double blind studies use here Double Blind Studies - answerboth the research subject and the administrator do not know if the subject is receiving a standard, proven therapy or the therapy being tested Etiology - answerconcerns the causative factors in a particular disease Idiopathic - answerterm used when the cause of a disease is unknown Iatrogenic - answerterm used when a treatment, procedure or an error may cause a disease - examples are bladder infection following catheterization or bone marrow damage caused by a prescribed drug Pathogenesis - answerterm referring to the development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in the tissue changes related to the specific disease process Insidious - answerterm used to describe the gradual progression of the onset of the disease - very vague or mild signs Acute - answersudden or obvious onset of disease and signs Acute Disease - answerindicates short-term illness that develops quickly with marked signs such as high fever or severe pain Chronic Disease - answeroften a milder condition developing gradually Subclinical State - answerexists in some conditions in which pathologic changes occur, but with no obvious manifestations are exhibited Prodromal Period - answercomprises the time in the early development of a disease when one is aware of a change in the body but the signs are nonspecific Local Manifestations - answerevidence or effects - signs or symptoms - redness or swelling found at the site of the problem Systemic Manifestations - answerevidence or effects - signs or symptoms - fever as an example - general indicators of the problem Signs - answerobjective indicators of disease that are obvious to someone other than the affected individual Symptoms - answersubjective feelings such as pain or nausea Syndrome - answercollection of signs and symptoms often affecting more than one organ - usually occur together in response to a certain condition Precipitating Factor - answera condition that triggers an acute episode - predisposing factors can be aggravated by precipitating factors Sequelae - answerterm describing the potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition - ex.) paralysis following recovery from a stroke Morbidity - answerindicates the disease rates within a group Mortality - answerindicates the relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease Atrophy - answerrefers to a decrease in the size of cells resulting in a reduced tissue mass - commonly caused by reduced use of tissue, insufficient nutrition, decreased neurologic or hormonal stimulation and aging - ex.) shrinking of skeletal muscle when limb immobilized in cast for several weeks Hypertrophy - answerrefers to an increase in the size of individual cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass - example would be the heart muscle increasing as a result of increased demand, consistent exercises effect on muscle Hyperplasia - answerdefined as an increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass - may be a compensatory mechanism to meet increased demands or it may be pathologic when there is a hormonal imbalance Metaplasia - answeroccurs when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type - may result from deficiency of vitamin A - may be adaptive such as when epithelial cells change in the esophagus as a result of cigarette smoke - stratified squamous epithelial cells being replace ciliated columnar epithelial cells thus eliminating cilia and reducing defense capability Dysplasia - answerterm applied to tissue in which the cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present and the rate of mitosis is increased - regarded as most dangerous with regard to malignant cells - may result from chronic irritation infection or may be a precancerous change Anaplasia - answerrefers to cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures and numerous mitotic figures - characteristic of cancer and is the basis for grading the aggressiveness of a tumor - failure of cells to develop specialized features Neoplasm - answermeans "new growth" - commonly called 'tumor' - two types, benign and malignant Malignant - answerneoplasms that are referred to as 'cancer' Benign - answerneoplasms that do not necessarily become malignant Apoptosis - answerprogrammed cell death - normal occurrence in the body - may increase when cell development is abnormal, cell numbers are excessive or cells are injured or aged - cells self-destruct, appearing to digest themselves enzymatically and then disintegrate into fragments Ischemia - answerdeficit of blood (and thusly and specifically oxygen) in the tissue and cells, due to respiratory problems or circulatory obstruction - most common cause of injury to cells and tissue - results in insufficient oxygen and reduced cellular metabolism