UNE Pathophysiology Midterm (WEEK 8)

Differentiate health from disease. - answerHealth is a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing. Not merely the absence of disease. Define homeostasis - answerThe purposeful maintenance of a stable internal environment. What are the aspects of the disease process? - answerDefinition, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Morphologic changes, Clinical manifestations, Diagnosis, Clinical course, Prognosis Define stress - answerA state manifested by symptoms that arise from the coordinated activation of the neuroendocrine and immune systems Factors that affect adaptation to stress - answer*Age *Health Status *Psychosocial Resources *Availability of adaptive responses and ability of the body to select the most appropriate response What is the first stage of the General Adaptation Mechanism? - answerAlarm What is the second stage of the General Adaptation Mechanism? - answerResistance What is the third stage of the General Adaptation Mechanism? - answerExhaustion Define cellular adaptation - answerCells adapting to changes in the internal environment What is a decrease in cell size? - answerAtrophy What is an increase in cell size? - answerHypertrophy What is an increase in the number of cells? - answerHyperplasia What is a change in form/replacement of adult cells? - answerMetaplasia What is an abnormal cell growth of a specific tissue? - answerDysplasia What is a loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissues? - answerAnaplasia What are causes of cellular injury? - answer*Physical Agents *Radiation Injury *Chemical Injury *Biological Agents *Nutritional Imbalances What is apoptosis? - answerProgrammed cell death What is necrosis? - answerCell death in an organ or tissues that is still part of a living person What is neoplasia? - answerDisorder of altered cell differentiation and growth Define Adenoma - answerBenign tumor of granular epithelial tissue Define Adenocarcinoma - answerMalignant tumor of granular epithelial tissue Deine Carcinoma - answerMalignant tumor of the epithelial tissue Define Osteoma - answerBenign tumor of the bone tissue Define Sarcoma - answerMalignant tumor of the connective tissue cells Characteristics of benign neoplasms - answer*slow, progressive rate of growth *Inability to metasize to distant sites *Well-differentitated cells that resemble the cells of the tissue of orgin Characteristics of malignant neoplasms - answer*Rapid growth and wide spread *potential to kill regardless of original location *tend to compress blood vessels and outgrow their blood supply *rob normal tissues of essential nutrients Etiology of Cancer - answer*Heredity *Hormones *Carcinogens *Oncogenic Viruses *Immunologic Mechanisms Clinical Manifestations of Cancer - answer*Tissue Integrity *Cancer Cachexia *Paraneoplastic Syndromes Define tissue integrity - answerCompressed and eroded blood vessels; ulcerations and necrosis; frank bleeding and hemorrhage Define cancer cachexia - answerWeight loss and wasting body fat and muscle tissue; profound weakness, anorexia, and anemia Define paraneoplastic syndromes - answerInappropriate hormone release, circulating hematopoietic, neurological and derma logical factors Diagnostic measures for cancer - answer*Lab Tests *Tumor Markers *Staging and grading of tumors *Screening for early detection Define acute inflammation - answerRelatively short duration; nonspecific early response to injury Define chronic inflammation - answerLonger duration lasting for days to years; recurrent or progressive acute inflammatory process What is a primary immunodeficiency state? - answerCongenital or inherited What is a secondary immunodeficiency state? - answerAcquired later on in life What are the four types of hypersensitivity disorders? - answerType 1: IgE-Mediated Type 2: Antibody-Mediated Type 3: Complement-Mediated Type 4: T-cell-Mediated Explain Atopic IgE-Mediated disorders - answerHeredity predisposition; local reaction to common environmental agents, allergic rhinitis, food allergies Explain Nonatopic IgE-Mediated disorders - answerLack the genetic component and organ specificity of the atopic disorders What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? - answerAutoimmune disease caused when the immune system attacks its own tissues What is Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia? - answerAutoimmune disease that occurs when the body destroys red blood cells faster than it makes them What is Pemphigus Vulgaris? - answerAutoimmune disease where blisters of varying sizes break out on the skin and the lining of the mouth What is Hashimoto Thyroiditis? - answerAutoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the thyroid What are the disorders of motor function? - answerUpper and Lower Motorneuron Lesions Explain Upper Motorneuron Lesions - answerCan involve the motor cortex, the internal capsule, or other brain structures through the spinal cord Define Lower Motorneuron Lesions - answerDisrupt communication between muscle and all neural input from spinal cord reflexes, including the stretch reflex which maintains muscle tone Define Myasthenia Gravis - answerDisorder of transmission at the neuromuscular junction Define Parkinsons Disease - answerA degenerative disorder of basal ganglia function that results in variable combinations of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia Define Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - answerDevastating neurological disorder that selectively affects motor function Define Multiple Sclerosis (MS) - answerCommon demyelinating disease of the central nervous system Define Ischemic Stroke - answerCaused by an interruption of blood flow in a cerebral vessel Define Hemorrhagic Stroke - answerCaused by bleeding into brain tissue usually from a blood vessel rupture Define Epilepsy - answerAbnormal behavior caused by an electrical discharge from neurons in the cerebral cortex