HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFESPAN
Development is Multidirectional - (ANSWER)Throughout life, some dimensions or components
of a dimension expand and others shrink.
Example;
When one language is acquired early in development, the capacity for acquiring second and third
languages decreases later in development, especially after early childhood.
During late adulthood, older adults might become wiser because they have more experience than
younger adults to draw upon to guide their decision making, but they perform more poorly on
tasks that require speed in processing information.
Development is Multideminsional - (ANSWER)Development has biological, cognitive, and
socioemotional dimensions.
Even within a dimension, there are many components. For example, attention, memory, abstract
thinking, speed of processing information, and social intelligence are just a few of the
components of the cognitive dimension. No matter what your age might be, your body, mind,
emotions, and relationships are changing and affecting each other.
Development is plastic - (ANSWER)Plasticity means the capacity for change.
Development is Lifelong - (ANSWER)In the life-span perspective, early adulthood is not the
endpoint of development; rather, no age period dominates development. Researchers
increasingly study the experiences and psychological orientations of adults at different points in
their lives.
Development is Multidisciplinary - (ANSWER)Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists,
neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of
development through the life span.
,Development is Contextual - (ANSWER)All development occurs within a context, or setting.
Contexts include families, schools, peer groups, churches, cities, neighborhoods, university
laboratories, countries, and so on. Each of these settings is influenced by historical, economic,
social, and cultural factors.
Nature vs. Nurture - (ANSWER)"Nature" refers to genetic factors involved in development
(heredity)
"Nurture" refers to environmental factors and experiences involved in development
Continuity vs. Discontinuity - (ANSWER)"Continuity" theory says that development is a
gradual, continuous process.
"Discontinuity" theory says that development occurs in a series of distinct stages.
Stability vs. Change - (ANSWER)Debate about whether we become older renditions of our early
experience (stability) or whether we develop into someone different from who we were at an
earlier point in development (change).
Frued's Psychosexual Theory of development - (ANSWER)Theory that as children grow up,
their focus of pleasure and sexual impulses shifts from the mouth to the anus and eventually to
the genitals. As a result, we go through five stages of psychosexual development: oral, anal,
phallic, latency, and genital. Our adult personality is determined by the way we resolve conflicts
between sources of pleasure at each stage and the demands of reality.
Erik Erikson's stages of Psychosocial development - (ANSWER)Pyschosocial theory that
proposes eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task
that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.
1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. Doubt/Shame
, 3. Initiative vs. Guilt
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
5. Identity vs. Confusion
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
7. Generativity vs. Self-Absorption
8. Integrity vs. Despair
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - (ANSWER)Cognitive Theory stating that children
actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive
development. How a child thinks—not how much the child knows—determines the child's stage
of cognitive development.
1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete operational
4. Formal operational
Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of development - (ANSWER)Cognitive theory that
emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development. Cognitive
development involves learning to use the inventions of society, such as language, mathematical
systems, and memory strategies. Thus in one culture, children might learn to count with the help
of a computer; in another, they might learn by using beads. Children's social interaction with
more-skilled adults and peers is indispensable to their cognitive development. Through this
interaction, they learn to use the tools that will help them adapt and be successful in their culture.
Information processing theory of development - (ANSWER)Emphasizes that individuals
manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this theory are the
processes of memory and thinking. Thinking is information processing, when individuals
perceive, encode, represent, store, and retrieve information, they are thinking. Robert Siegler
emphasizes that an important aspect of development is learning good strategies for processing
information.
Development is Multidirectional - (ANSWER)Throughout life, some dimensions or components
of a dimension expand and others shrink.
Example;
When one language is acquired early in development, the capacity for acquiring second and third
languages decreases later in development, especially after early childhood.
During late adulthood, older adults might become wiser because they have more experience than
younger adults to draw upon to guide their decision making, but they perform more poorly on
tasks that require speed in processing information.
Development is Multideminsional - (ANSWER)Development has biological, cognitive, and
socioemotional dimensions.
Even within a dimension, there are many components. For example, attention, memory, abstract
thinking, speed of processing information, and social intelligence are just a few of the
components of the cognitive dimension. No matter what your age might be, your body, mind,
emotions, and relationships are changing and affecting each other.
Development is plastic - (ANSWER)Plasticity means the capacity for change.
Development is Lifelong - (ANSWER)In the life-span perspective, early adulthood is not the
endpoint of development; rather, no age period dominates development. Researchers
increasingly study the experiences and psychological orientations of adults at different points in
their lives.
Development is Multidisciplinary - (ANSWER)Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists,
neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of
development through the life span.
,Development is Contextual - (ANSWER)All development occurs within a context, or setting.
Contexts include families, schools, peer groups, churches, cities, neighborhoods, university
laboratories, countries, and so on. Each of these settings is influenced by historical, economic,
social, and cultural factors.
Nature vs. Nurture - (ANSWER)"Nature" refers to genetic factors involved in development
(heredity)
"Nurture" refers to environmental factors and experiences involved in development
Continuity vs. Discontinuity - (ANSWER)"Continuity" theory says that development is a
gradual, continuous process.
"Discontinuity" theory says that development occurs in a series of distinct stages.
Stability vs. Change - (ANSWER)Debate about whether we become older renditions of our early
experience (stability) or whether we develop into someone different from who we were at an
earlier point in development (change).
Frued's Psychosexual Theory of development - (ANSWER)Theory that as children grow up,
their focus of pleasure and sexual impulses shifts from the mouth to the anus and eventually to
the genitals. As a result, we go through five stages of psychosexual development: oral, anal,
phallic, latency, and genital. Our adult personality is determined by the way we resolve conflicts
between sources of pleasure at each stage and the demands of reality.
Erik Erikson's stages of Psychosocial development - (ANSWER)Pyschosocial theory that
proposes eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task
that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.
1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. Doubt/Shame
, 3. Initiative vs. Guilt
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
5. Identity vs. Confusion
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
7. Generativity vs. Self-Absorption
8. Integrity vs. Despair
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - (ANSWER)Cognitive Theory stating that children
actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive
development. How a child thinks—not how much the child knows—determines the child's stage
of cognitive development.
1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete operational
4. Formal operational
Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of development - (ANSWER)Cognitive theory that
emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development. Cognitive
development involves learning to use the inventions of society, such as language, mathematical
systems, and memory strategies. Thus in one culture, children might learn to count with the help
of a computer; in another, they might learn by using beads. Children's social interaction with
more-skilled adults and peers is indispensable to their cognitive development. Through this
interaction, they learn to use the tools that will help them adapt and be successful in their culture.
Information processing theory of development - (ANSWER)Emphasizes that individuals
manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this theory are the
processes of memory and thinking. Thinking is information processing, when individuals
perceive, encode, represent, store, and retrieve information, they are thinking. Robert Siegler
emphasizes that an important aspect of development is learning good strategies for processing
information.
