SBI4U Grade 12 Biology Ontario Curriculum DNA Properties Notes
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Course
SBI4U (SBI4U)
Institution
Ontario High School Curriculum
Enjoy these detailed notes, directly from the Ontario Secondary School Grade 12 Curriculum, focussing on SBI4U! These extensively detailed notes should help you if you're studying for an exam or just love biology! Good luck!
DNA Properties Test Notes 2017-04-02
Hassan Alibhai Page DP1
Important People
Name Contribution Image if Needed
Gregor Mendel • Austrian scientist-friar
• “The Father of Modern Genetics”
• Researched patterns of inheritance by experimenting with garden peas,
and their colour, size, stem length, etc.
• Discovered alleles, and dominant and recessive traits: “Mendel’s Laws
of Inheritance”
Friedrich Miescher • Swiss biochemist and physician
• Isolated a non-protein substance from the nuclei of white blood cells
obtained from pus found in bandages from wounds
◦ Called in nuclein, (now called nucleic acid)
• Showed that proteins are not hereditary material (first person)
Phoebus Levene • Russian-american biochemist
• Isolated DNA and RNA based on sugars: deoxyribose and ribose
◦ Made of nucleotides → sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base
◦ Thought that nucleotides repeated (AGCTAGCT....), too simple to
be genetic material → incorrect but people believed him
Frederick Griffith • British microbiologist
• Tried to develop a vaccine against
pneumonia
• heat + virulent pneumococcus + non-virulent
pneumococcus → death
• Discovered transformation, where bacteria
pick up DNA from the environment
Joachim Hammerling • Danish-German biologist
• Experiment on green algae showed that algae
had to have a “foot” to regenerate
◦ Foot had nucleus, so nucleus has DNA
Oswald Avery • Canadian born (Halifax) American medical researcher (with McCarty
and MacLeod)
• Transforming Principle (with Griffith’s work) → it was DNA
• Further evidence that DNA is hereditary
Alfred Hershey and • American geneticists
Martha Chase • Radioactively labelled viruses infected bacteria cells → tagged DNA
with phosphorous, and proteins with sulphur
◦ Only phosphorous transferred → DNA is hereditary
◦ Confirmed for the last time, now scientific community accepts it
, DNA Properties Test Notes 2017-04-02
Hassan Alibhai Page DP2
Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat • German biochemist
• Experimented with viruses to determine if
protein or RNA is responsible for replication
• Isolated TMV and HRV, each contained
protein and a single strand of RNA
• Created a hybrid with the RNA from HRV
and protein from TMV
• Tobacco plant had lesions on leaves, property
of HRV virus, meaning that RNA is
responsible for virus replication and is in the
nuclear core of viruses.
Erwin Chargaff • Ukrainian born American biochemist
• Worked on a variety of organisms and
analyzed the various DNA compositions
• Determined that
◦ DNA compositions are species specific
(all are different)
◦ Adenine pairs with Thymine (A = T)
◦ Cytosine pairs with Guanine (C = G)
◦ A + G = T + C (Chargaff’s Rule)
Franklin and Wilkins • Tension between them, they were studying
DNA using x-rays at the same time
• DNA is long and thin
• DNA has a uniform, 2nm diameter
• DNA coils (turns completely) every 3.4nm.
• DNA has some kind of helical shape
Watson and Crick • Used the work of Chargaff, Franklin, and
Wilkins to determine that DNA has a double
helix shape
◦ Held together by hydrogen bonds
between AT and CG (2 + 3 respectively)
• DNA varies by species
• Awarded 1962 Nobel Prize with Wilkins
◦ Franklin died before she was awarded
• Side Note: PCR was invented by Kary Mullis, which is in the exam review despite not yet being
covered.
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