NSG5531 - Central Concepts of
Pathophysiology Test With
Solution
Nucleus - ANSWER Contains nuclear envelope, nuclear pore complexes, RNA,
DNA, histone proteins; functions in cell division and control of genetic
information.
Ribosomes - ANSWER RNA protein complexes; free vs. attached ribosomes;
synthesize proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER Network of tubular or saclike channels;
smooth vs. rough ER; site of protein synthesis and senses cellular stress.
Lysosomes - ANSWER Saclike structures from Golgi; primary vs. secondary
lysosomes; functions in intracellular digestion, autodigestion, and autophagy.
Mitochondria - ANSWER Surrounded by double membrane; cristae increase
inner membrane surface area; responsible for cellular respiration, energy
production, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Plasma membranes - ANSWER Control composition of enclosed space;
enclose cell; provide selective transport system, cell-to-cell recognition,
mobility, shape.
Membrane composition - ANSWER Bilayer of lipids and proteins; fluid
structure; lipids are amphipathic; proteins are polypeptides with various
functions.
, Cellular receptors - ANSWER Proteins on plasma membrane, cytoplasm, or
nucleus; bind with ligands; determine cell response to binding.
Extracellular matrix - ANSWER Meshwork of fibrous proteins in gel-like
substance; includes collagen, elastin, fibronectin, proteoglycans, hyaluronic
acid; regulates cell growth, movement, and differentiation.
Cellular Communication - ANSWER Maintains homeostasis; regulates growth,
division; coordinates functions through contact-dependent, paracrine,
autocrine, hormonal, neurohormonal signaling.
Metabolism - ANSWER Chemical tasks maintaining cellular functions;
includes anabolism (energy using) and catabolism (energy releasing); ATP
role in energy storage and transfer.
Food and production of cellular energy - ANSWER Includes digestion,
glycolysis, oxidation, oxidative cellular metabolism, citric acid cycle, and
oxidative phosphorylation.
Membrane transport - ANSWER Passive (diffusion, filtration, osmosis) and
active transport mechanisms; involves solutes, electrolytes, non-electrolytes.
Osmotic pressure - ANSWER Pressure opposing water movement due to
concentration gradient; oncotic pressure from colloids; osmolarity and
osmolality measure solution concentration.
Tonicity - ANSWER Effective osmolality of a solution; isotonic, hypertonic,
hypotonic solutions have different concentrations.
Active transport of Na+ and K+ - ANSWER Antiport system moving Na+ out
and K+ into cell using ATP; electrogenic process with electrical potential
difference.
Pathophysiology Test With
Solution
Nucleus - ANSWER Contains nuclear envelope, nuclear pore complexes, RNA,
DNA, histone proteins; functions in cell division and control of genetic
information.
Ribosomes - ANSWER RNA protein complexes; free vs. attached ribosomes;
synthesize proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER Network of tubular or saclike channels;
smooth vs. rough ER; site of protein synthesis and senses cellular stress.
Lysosomes - ANSWER Saclike structures from Golgi; primary vs. secondary
lysosomes; functions in intracellular digestion, autodigestion, and autophagy.
Mitochondria - ANSWER Surrounded by double membrane; cristae increase
inner membrane surface area; responsible for cellular respiration, energy
production, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Plasma membranes - ANSWER Control composition of enclosed space;
enclose cell; provide selective transport system, cell-to-cell recognition,
mobility, shape.
Membrane composition - ANSWER Bilayer of lipids and proteins; fluid
structure; lipids are amphipathic; proteins are polypeptides with various
functions.
, Cellular receptors - ANSWER Proteins on plasma membrane, cytoplasm, or
nucleus; bind with ligands; determine cell response to binding.
Extracellular matrix - ANSWER Meshwork of fibrous proteins in gel-like
substance; includes collagen, elastin, fibronectin, proteoglycans, hyaluronic
acid; regulates cell growth, movement, and differentiation.
Cellular Communication - ANSWER Maintains homeostasis; regulates growth,
division; coordinates functions through contact-dependent, paracrine,
autocrine, hormonal, neurohormonal signaling.
Metabolism - ANSWER Chemical tasks maintaining cellular functions;
includes anabolism (energy using) and catabolism (energy releasing); ATP
role in energy storage and transfer.
Food and production of cellular energy - ANSWER Includes digestion,
glycolysis, oxidation, oxidative cellular metabolism, citric acid cycle, and
oxidative phosphorylation.
Membrane transport - ANSWER Passive (diffusion, filtration, osmosis) and
active transport mechanisms; involves solutes, electrolytes, non-electrolytes.
Osmotic pressure - ANSWER Pressure opposing water movement due to
concentration gradient; oncotic pressure from colloids; osmolarity and
osmolality measure solution concentration.
Tonicity - ANSWER Effective osmolality of a solution; isotonic, hypertonic,
hypotonic solutions have different concentrations.
Active transport of Na+ and K+ - ANSWER Antiport system moving Na+ out
and K+ into cell using ATP; electrogenic process with electrical potential
difference.
