Gastrointestinal alterations Study Guide

Gastrointestinal alterations Study GuideGastroesophageal Reflux Disease - Pathophysiology - LES (lower esophageal sphincter) fails; fibrosis and thickening of the esophagus, possible ulceration, delayed gastric emptying - Signs and symptoms - heartburn, acid regurgitation, chronic cough, dysphagia, laryngitis, upper abdominal pain w/in an hour of eating, weight loss - Complications - aspiration, pneumonia, GI bleeding, anemia, possible ulceration - Risk factors - hiatal hernia, overweight, smoking - Intestinal obstruction - Pathophysiology adhesions between tissues and organs, Downloaded by DANIEL NDAMBIRI () lOMoARcPSD| A++ Page 2 of 13 - Causes - hernia (first pic) , torsion (volvulus) 3rd pic, intussusception (second pic), tumor, diverticulosis, paralytic ileus, fibrous adhesions - Signs and symptoms - pain (colicky) abdominal distension, emesis (vomiting), no sounds below obstruction, dehydration, hypovolemia, metabolic acidosis - Complications - lack of bowel perfusion, bowel rupture, peritonitis, fecal impaction - Peptic Ulcer disease - break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of esophagus, stomach, or intestine - Duodenal ulcers: in the intestines - Signs and symptoms - pain in stomach two to three hours after eating, relieved by antacids, perforation - Risk factors - NSAIDS, H. pylori, genetic, decreased bicarb, stress, alcoholic Downloaded by DANIEL NDAMBIRI () lOMoARcPSD| A++ Page 3 of 13 cirrhosis, trauma, pancreatitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - Patho - gastric acid overproduced – failure of feedback loop - Gastric ulcers: (last longer) in the stomach - Signs and symptoms - abdominal pain, weight loss, - Risk factors - NSAIDS, H. pylori, stress, alcohol abuse, excessive caffeine, - Patho - usually in the antrum, hypersecretion of HCL, ineffective GI mucus, and poor cellular repair - Inflammatory Bowel Disease Downloaded by DANIEL NDAMBIRI () lOMoARcPSD| A++ Page 4 of 13 - Symptoms of UC and Crohns - UC (continuous colon) – abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, bloody stools urgency of stool, perforated bowel, dehydration, peritonitis; - Chron’s (large and small intestine) - abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, anemia – bleeding and malabsorption - How are they similar - similar symptoms, cause unknown in both, affect both men and women, and young and old - How are they different - UC – chronic in nature, no break in symptoms, involves entire colon; - Chron’s – some days okay, others bad, involves patches anywhere between mouth and rectum