PHCL 412 Final Exam
Latest Update
HPA Axis - Answer used to respond to stress (fight or flight)
Stress -> Hippocampus -> Hypothalamus -> Vasopressin, CRF -> Pituitary -> ACTH ->
Adrenal Cortex -> Cortisol
Cortisol can feed back to the ________ and _________ to reduce further stimulation of the
system - Answer pituitary, hypothalamus
Aldosterone is made in the _______ _____- - Answer zona glomerulosa
Cortisol and androgens is made in the ___________/______ - Answer zona fasciculata /
zona reticularis
epinehprine / NE are made in the _____________ - Answer adrenal medulla
differential expression of enzymes in the adrenal gland is due to - Answer CYP11B1 and
CYP17 (cortisol in the ZF/ZR)
Maastricht acute stress test - Answer men tend to release cortisol faster and with a
higher peak than women
mice can raise cortisol significantly, which remains raised for the duration of the stress
diurnal cycle of serum glucocorticoids - Answer lowest in the middle of the night
peaks in the morning-- possible helps with waking up
no difference between girls and boys, age, puberty, etc. but lots of variance in individual
levels
stress (increases/decreases) glucocorticoid release into blood - Answer increases
typically resolves quickly; inappropriate stress response can result in too much/too
long, or weak HPA response
repeated stress can lead to ___________, but some forms of chronic stress (severe pain,
blood loss, hypoglycemia) can lead to no _____ - Answer habituation, habituation
in both cases, a novel stress can cause a hyper-response of the HPA axis
corticosteroids ____________, increase short-term memory, maintain BP, _________
inflammation, help with fetal lung development - Answer regulate energy metabolism,
,inhibit inflammation
Addison's Disease - Answer corticosteroid deficiency
low blood sugar, low bp, weakness, muscle/join pain, skin darkening / vitiligo, salt
craving, nausea/diarrhea, depression
Cushing's Syndrome - Answer corticosteroid overload
skin thinning, depression / mood swings, memory loss/learning disability, muscle
wasting, poor wound healing/suppressed immune system, hypertension, diabetes,
osteoporosis, anovulation
cortisone was isolated in the 1940s and used for ___________ for the first time in 1948 --
quickly becoming a widely used drug - Answer rheumatoid arthritis
therapeutic uses of corticosteroids - Answer allergic reactions
collagen-vascular disorders
inflammation of bones/joints
eye diseases
gastrointestinal disease
hematologic disorders
system inflammation
pulmonary disease
neurologic disorders
organ transplants
renal disorders
skin diseases
thyroid diseases
misc
adverse effects of corticosteroids - Answer infections
myopathy
neuropsychiatric symptoms, HPA insufficiency
weight gain/obesity, fluid retention, edema, cushing syndrome, insulin resistance
gastric ulcer
, hirsutism, skin thinning
cataracts, glaucoma
cardiovascular risk
glucocorticoids regulate 10-20% of genes in your body, binding to _________ ________
inside cells - can be alpha (active) or beta (blocks alpha) - Answer glucocorticoid
receptors (GR)
glucocorticoids bind with great affinity to _______________ in plasma, not very well to
albumin - Answer corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG)
in the cell, glucocorticoids bind to their receptor, cause ___________, ___________ to the
nucleus and bind to DNA to regulate transcription of target genes - Answer
dimerization; translocate
regulation of genes by the GR can either involve __________ of target genes, or
_______________ (messing up other transcription factors)
Net result: increase in anti-inflammatory gene expression, decrease in pro-inflammatory
gene expression - Answer transactivation; transrepression
Islet of Langerhans cells in the pancreas are responsible for: - Answer insulin and
glucagon release
alpha cells - Answer release glucagon
stimulates breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose
beta cells - Answer release insulin, C-peptide, amylin.
insulin stimulates glucose uptake into cells
delta cells - Answer release somatostatin
G cells - Answer release gastrin
F cells - Answer release pancreatic peptide
exenatide - Answer GLP-1 agonist, blocks glucagon release
pramlintide - Answer binds amylin receptors to decrease appetite
octreotide - Answer mimics somatostatin, blocks growth hormones, glucagon, insulin
cleavage of pro-insulin by proprotein convertases creates functional insulin and its
by-product, _________ - Answer C-peptide
glucose -> ____transporter on beta cells -> ATP -> blocks potassium channel -> causes
opening of calcium channel -> vesicles release _______ - Answer glut2; insulin
Latest Update
HPA Axis - Answer used to respond to stress (fight or flight)
Stress -> Hippocampus -> Hypothalamus -> Vasopressin, CRF -> Pituitary -> ACTH ->
Adrenal Cortex -> Cortisol
Cortisol can feed back to the ________ and _________ to reduce further stimulation of the
system - Answer pituitary, hypothalamus
Aldosterone is made in the _______ _____- - Answer zona glomerulosa
Cortisol and androgens is made in the ___________/______ - Answer zona fasciculata /
zona reticularis
epinehprine / NE are made in the _____________ - Answer adrenal medulla
differential expression of enzymes in the adrenal gland is due to - Answer CYP11B1 and
CYP17 (cortisol in the ZF/ZR)
Maastricht acute stress test - Answer men tend to release cortisol faster and with a
higher peak than women
mice can raise cortisol significantly, which remains raised for the duration of the stress
diurnal cycle of serum glucocorticoids - Answer lowest in the middle of the night
peaks in the morning-- possible helps with waking up
no difference between girls and boys, age, puberty, etc. but lots of variance in individual
levels
stress (increases/decreases) glucocorticoid release into blood - Answer increases
typically resolves quickly; inappropriate stress response can result in too much/too
long, or weak HPA response
repeated stress can lead to ___________, but some forms of chronic stress (severe pain,
blood loss, hypoglycemia) can lead to no _____ - Answer habituation, habituation
in both cases, a novel stress can cause a hyper-response of the HPA axis
corticosteroids ____________, increase short-term memory, maintain BP, _________
inflammation, help with fetal lung development - Answer regulate energy metabolism,
,inhibit inflammation
Addison's Disease - Answer corticosteroid deficiency
low blood sugar, low bp, weakness, muscle/join pain, skin darkening / vitiligo, salt
craving, nausea/diarrhea, depression
Cushing's Syndrome - Answer corticosteroid overload
skin thinning, depression / mood swings, memory loss/learning disability, muscle
wasting, poor wound healing/suppressed immune system, hypertension, diabetes,
osteoporosis, anovulation
cortisone was isolated in the 1940s and used for ___________ for the first time in 1948 --
quickly becoming a widely used drug - Answer rheumatoid arthritis
therapeutic uses of corticosteroids - Answer allergic reactions
collagen-vascular disorders
inflammation of bones/joints
eye diseases
gastrointestinal disease
hematologic disorders
system inflammation
pulmonary disease
neurologic disorders
organ transplants
renal disorders
skin diseases
thyroid diseases
misc
adverse effects of corticosteroids - Answer infections
myopathy
neuropsychiatric symptoms, HPA insufficiency
weight gain/obesity, fluid retention, edema, cushing syndrome, insulin resistance
gastric ulcer
, hirsutism, skin thinning
cataracts, glaucoma
cardiovascular risk
glucocorticoids regulate 10-20% of genes in your body, binding to _________ ________
inside cells - can be alpha (active) or beta (blocks alpha) - Answer glucocorticoid
receptors (GR)
glucocorticoids bind with great affinity to _______________ in plasma, not very well to
albumin - Answer corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG)
in the cell, glucocorticoids bind to their receptor, cause ___________, ___________ to the
nucleus and bind to DNA to regulate transcription of target genes - Answer
dimerization; translocate
regulation of genes by the GR can either involve __________ of target genes, or
_______________ (messing up other transcription factors)
Net result: increase in anti-inflammatory gene expression, decrease in pro-inflammatory
gene expression - Answer transactivation; transrepression
Islet of Langerhans cells in the pancreas are responsible for: - Answer insulin and
glucagon release
alpha cells - Answer release glucagon
stimulates breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose
beta cells - Answer release insulin, C-peptide, amylin.
insulin stimulates glucose uptake into cells
delta cells - Answer release somatostatin
G cells - Answer release gastrin
F cells - Answer release pancreatic peptide
exenatide - Answer GLP-1 agonist, blocks glucagon release
pramlintide - Answer binds amylin receptors to decrease appetite
octreotide - Answer mimics somatostatin, blocks growth hormones, glucagon, insulin
cleavage of pro-insulin by proprotein convertases creates functional insulin and its
by-product, _________ - Answer C-peptide
glucose -> ____transporter on beta cells -> ATP -> blocks potassium channel -> causes
opening of calcium channel -> vesicles release _______ - Answer glut2; insulin
