FSHN 362 Exam 1 With
Complete Solution
What is transcription and what is the mechanism that happens? - ANSWER
Transcription- process of DNA being copied out into RNA
RNA polymerase binds to DNA, unwinds DNA, and forms single strand to
serve as a template for post-transcription
What is post-transcription and what does it do afterward? - ANSWER
Post-transcription is RNA getting turned into mRNA
mRNA carries the genetic code to the cytoplasm to be translated for protein
synthesis.
Where does transcription/post-transcription occur? - ANSWER nucleus
What is translation? - ANSWER when mRNA is translated into an amino acid
chain
Where does translation occur? - ANSWER cytoplasm
What is post-translation? - ANSWER process of amino acid chains are
modified into a mature protein
What does tRNA and rRNA do in the post-translational process? - ANSWER
tRNA- transports amino acids to ribosomes where proteins are synthesized
rRNA- provides enzymes for protein synthesis
How is Iodine a direct regulation of nutrient metabolism at the transcription
level? - ANSWER Iodine stimulates the growth hormone
,How is LDL receptor synthesis an indirect transcriptional regulation? -
ANSWER When cholesterol goes down in the cell, it releases SRBP which goes
to the DNA and increases transcription and translation to synthesize the LDL
receptors so that cholesterol uptake can increase.
In an iron deficiency, how does transferrin receptor mRNA and Ferritin mRNA
post-transcriptionally regulate? - ANSWER Transferrin receptor mRNA- is
stabilized to increase transferrin receptor synthesis
which blocks
Ferritin mRNA translation and ferritin synthesis
In an iron overload, how does transferrin receptor mRNA and Ferritin mRNA
post-transcriptionally regulate? - ANSWER Transferrin receptor mRNA is not
stabilized, so it is degraded while ferritin mRNA is translated to increase
ferritin synthesis
How is insulin regulated post-translationally? - ANSWER In bovine proinsulin,
amino acids are removed during its translation to insulin
What is a genome? - ANSWER genetic material within our cells containing
complete set of instructions to make an organism
Proper cell function is controlled by what 2 things? - ANSWER 1. Gene
regulation
2. Enzyme regulation
How does a fertilized egg differentiate into different cell types? - ANSWER
Expression of genes (on and off)
In bacteria gene transcription, what is the area of the DNA that forms all the
, enzymes needed for synthesizing? - ANSWER Operon
What is the main difference between eukaryotic and bacterial cells? -
ANSWER Eukaryotic cells have several transcription factors
What does the repressor protein do? - ANSWER Prevents attachment of RNA
polymerase
Ex: High tryptophan in the cell makes repressor protein active and blocks its
synthesis
What does the activator protein do? - ANSWER Helps RNA polymerase bind
to DNA which, initiates transcription
Ex: turns on to synthesize enzymes to degrade sugars other than glucose
What is epigenetics? - ANSWER Phenotypic trait variations caused by
external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off, not being
caused by changes in the DNA sequence. Often occurs from addition or
removal of methyl groups or chromatin modification.
How can epigentics have an impact later in life? - ANSWER Things that affect
the way your hormones react, such as a mother comforting stress hormones,
will have an impact on how they respond to stress later in life. An epigenomic
state of a gene can be established through behavioral programming and it is
potentially reversible.
What is an example of enzyme activation? (Hint: Decrease in ATP) - ANSWER
A decrease in ATP --> Increase in cAMP --> activates phophorylase (glycogen
Complete Solution
What is transcription and what is the mechanism that happens? - ANSWER
Transcription- process of DNA being copied out into RNA
RNA polymerase binds to DNA, unwinds DNA, and forms single strand to
serve as a template for post-transcription
What is post-transcription and what does it do afterward? - ANSWER
Post-transcription is RNA getting turned into mRNA
mRNA carries the genetic code to the cytoplasm to be translated for protein
synthesis.
Where does transcription/post-transcription occur? - ANSWER nucleus
What is translation? - ANSWER when mRNA is translated into an amino acid
chain
Where does translation occur? - ANSWER cytoplasm
What is post-translation? - ANSWER process of amino acid chains are
modified into a mature protein
What does tRNA and rRNA do in the post-translational process? - ANSWER
tRNA- transports amino acids to ribosomes where proteins are synthesized
rRNA- provides enzymes for protein synthesis
How is Iodine a direct regulation of nutrient metabolism at the transcription
level? - ANSWER Iodine stimulates the growth hormone
,How is LDL receptor synthesis an indirect transcriptional regulation? -
ANSWER When cholesterol goes down in the cell, it releases SRBP which goes
to the DNA and increases transcription and translation to synthesize the LDL
receptors so that cholesterol uptake can increase.
In an iron deficiency, how does transferrin receptor mRNA and Ferritin mRNA
post-transcriptionally regulate? - ANSWER Transferrin receptor mRNA- is
stabilized to increase transferrin receptor synthesis
which blocks
Ferritin mRNA translation and ferritin synthesis
In an iron overload, how does transferrin receptor mRNA and Ferritin mRNA
post-transcriptionally regulate? - ANSWER Transferrin receptor mRNA is not
stabilized, so it is degraded while ferritin mRNA is translated to increase
ferritin synthesis
How is insulin regulated post-translationally? - ANSWER In bovine proinsulin,
amino acids are removed during its translation to insulin
What is a genome? - ANSWER genetic material within our cells containing
complete set of instructions to make an organism
Proper cell function is controlled by what 2 things? - ANSWER 1. Gene
regulation
2. Enzyme regulation
How does a fertilized egg differentiate into different cell types? - ANSWER
Expression of genes (on and off)
In bacteria gene transcription, what is the area of the DNA that forms all the
, enzymes needed for synthesizing? - ANSWER Operon
What is the main difference between eukaryotic and bacterial cells? -
ANSWER Eukaryotic cells have several transcription factors
What does the repressor protein do? - ANSWER Prevents attachment of RNA
polymerase
Ex: High tryptophan in the cell makes repressor protein active and blocks its
synthesis
What does the activator protein do? - ANSWER Helps RNA polymerase bind
to DNA which, initiates transcription
Ex: turns on to synthesize enzymes to degrade sugars other than glucose
What is epigenetics? - ANSWER Phenotypic trait variations caused by
external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off, not being
caused by changes in the DNA sequence. Often occurs from addition or
removal of methyl groups or chromatin modification.
How can epigentics have an impact later in life? - ANSWER Things that affect
the way your hormones react, such as a mother comforting stress hormones,
will have an impact on how they respond to stress later in life. An epigenomic
state of a gene can be established through behavioral programming and it is
potentially reversible.
What is an example of enzyme activation? (Hint: Decrease in ATP) - ANSWER
A decrease in ATP --> Increase in cAMP --> activates phophorylase (glycogen
