A4M Written Exam Solved
Questions With Revised Correct
Detailed Answers
>Latest Update>>
1. What is the first sign of pancreatic insufficiency? - ANSWER Deficiency
in pancreatic lipase or elastase.
2. How do nutrients such as carnosine and vitamin B1 help to reduce HA1c? -
ANSWER Interferes with glycosylation of proteins
3. What is Type 2 hypothyroidism? - ANSWER Reduction in thyroid
hormone receptor sensitivity - associated with normal serum levels of all
thyroid hormones but sx of hypothyroidism. Receptor sensitivity can be
affected by iron levels and Vitamin D.
4. Which nutrients impact T4 to T3 conversion? - ANSWER Selenium, zinc
5. T or F: serum calcium levels are an accurate predictor of bodily calcium
stores - ANSWER False. Serum calcium is tightly regulated by PTH,
calcitonin, Vitamin D. If serum calcium is low, bone will be resorbed to
replete levels.
6. Which element is present in highest amount in the human body? -
ANSWER calcium (total body calcium = 1000 grams)
,7. What is the second most abundant mineral in the body? - ANSWER
Phosphorous
8. What are the 9 essential amino acids? - ANSWER histidine, isoleucine,
leucine, lycine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
9. What amino acids are "conditionally" essential? - ANSWER Arginine,
glutamine, glycine, and taurine
10.What is the best method for determining amino acid status? - ANSWER
Plasma levels
11.In what disease states is low homocysteine seen? - ANSWER Autism &
ADHD. Methionine can be supplemented in these instances.
12.What are the primary lymphoid tissues? - ANSWER Thymus, fetal liver,
and bone marrow
13.What is the prevalence of Hashimoto's disease in the US population? -
ANSWER 13%
14.What are the secondary lymphoid tissues? - ANSWER Spleen, lymph
nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches (gut)
,15.What are signs / symptoms of low T3 in cardiovascular disease? - ANSWER
Bradycardia, narrowed pulse pressure, diastolic hypertension, elevated
CRP, inflammatory markers and homocysteine
16.T or F: T3 therapy is antiarrhythmic - ANSWER T
17.What is the strongest independent predictor of death in cardiac patients -
ANSWER Low fT3
18.What enzyme(s) does progesterone act on in hormonal pathway? -
ANSWER Progesterone has actions as both an aromatase inhibitor as
well as a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor
19.Mechanisms of action of melatonin on inflammation - ANSWER -
Inhibits COX-2 & Nuclar Factor Kappa Beta
- Reduces expression of inflammatory cytokines
- Most effective scavenger of hydroxyl radical
- Endogenously protects mitochondria and nuclear DNA from injury
and oxidation
- Stimulates superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase
- Increases free radical scavenging and antioxidant efficacy of
glutathione, Vit E, Vit C
- Protects against cellular and DNA damage from ionizing radiation and
reperfusion injury
20.T or F: growth hormone peaks at puberty and starts to decline at age 21 -
ANSWER True
, 21.Main estrogen produced in the post-menpausal woman - ANSWER
Estrone
22.T or F: obese women have higher estrone: estradiol ratio than non-obese
women - ANSWER True
23.Strongest estrogen in body - ANSWER Estradiol
24.T or F: 16-hydroxyestrone does not stimulate cells to divide - ANSWER
False. 16-OHE bind strongly to special receptors inside of cells and increase
rate of DNA synthesis
25.How much of a female's total testosterone level is free? - ANSWER 1%
26.What conditions are associated with high levels of 16-OHE? - ANSWER
Obesity, hypothyroidism, pesticide exposure, omega-6 FA excess,
inflammatory cytokines
27.T or F: Testosterone, when given without estradiol in a woman, increases
the risk of MI by increasing plaque formation in heart vessels - ANSWER
T
28.What is the central killing mechanism of neutrophils? - ANSWER
NADPH oxidase, which generates high levels of superoxide, a ROS.
Superoxide combines with NO to form peroxynitrite and hydrogen
peroxide.
Questions With Revised Correct
Detailed Answers
>Latest Update>>
1. What is the first sign of pancreatic insufficiency? - ANSWER Deficiency
in pancreatic lipase or elastase.
2. How do nutrients such as carnosine and vitamin B1 help to reduce HA1c? -
ANSWER Interferes with glycosylation of proteins
3. What is Type 2 hypothyroidism? - ANSWER Reduction in thyroid
hormone receptor sensitivity - associated with normal serum levels of all
thyroid hormones but sx of hypothyroidism. Receptor sensitivity can be
affected by iron levels and Vitamin D.
4. Which nutrients impact T4 to T3 conversion? - ANSWER Selenium, zinc
5. T or F: serum calcium levels are an accurate predictor of bodily calcium
stores - ANSWER False. Serum calcium is tightly regulated by PTH,
calcitonin, Vitamin D. If serum calcium is low, bone will be resorbed to
replete levels.
6. Which element is present in highest amount in the human body? -
ANSWER calcium (total body calcium = 1000 grams)
,7. What is the second most abundant mineral in the body? - ANSWER
Phosphorous
8. What are the 9 essential amino acids? - ANSWER histidine, isoleucine,
leucine, lycine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
9. What amino acids are "conditionally" essential? - ANSWER Arginine,
glutamine, glycine, and taurine
10.What is the best method for determining amino acid status? - ANSWER
Plasma levels
11.In what disease states is low homocysteine seen? - ANSWER Autism &
ADHD. Methionine can be supplemented in these instances.
12.What are the primary lymphoid tissues? - ANSWER Thymus, fetal liver,
and bone marrow
13.What is the prevalence of Hashimoto's disease in the US population? -
ANSWER 13%
14.What are the secondary lymphoid tissues? - ANSWER Spleen, lymph
nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches (gut)
,15.What are signs / symptoms of low T3 in cardiovascular disease? - ANSWER
Bradycardia, narrowed pulse pressure, diastolic hypertension, elevated
CRP, inflammatory markers and homocysteine
16.T or F: T3 therapy is antiarrhythmic - ANSWER T
17.What is the strongest independent predictor of death in cardiac patients -
ANSWER Low fT3
18.What enzyme(s) does progesterone act on in hormonal pathway? -
ANSWER Progesterone has actions as both an aromatase inhibitor as
well as a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor
19.Mechanisms of action of melatonin on inflammation - ANSWER -
Inhibits COX-2 & Nuclar Factor Kappa Beta
- Reduces expression of inflammatory cytokines
- Most effective scavenger of hydroxyl radical
- Endogenously protects mitochondria and nuclear DNA from injury
and oxidation
- Stimulates superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase
- Increases free radical scavenging and antioxidant efficacy of
glutathione, Vit E, Vit C
- Protects against cellular and DNA damage from ionizing radiation and
reperfusion injury
20.T or F: growth hormone peaks at puberty and starts to decline at age 21 -
ANSWER True
, 21.Main estrogen produced in the post-menpausal woman - ANSWER
Estrone
22.T or F: obese women have higher estrone: estradiol ratio than non-obese
women - ANSWER True
23.Strongest estrogen in body - ANSWER Estradiol
24.T or F: 16-hydroxyestrone does not stimulate cells to divide - ANSWER
False. 16-OHE bind strongly to special receptors inside of cells and increase
rate of DNA synthesis
25.How much of a female's total testosterone level is free? - ANSWER 1%
26.What conditions are associated with high levels of 16-OHE? - ANSWER
Obesity, hypothyroidism, pesticide exposure, omega-6 FA excess,
inflammatory cytokines
27.T or F: Testosterone, when given without estradiol in a woman, increases
the risk of MI by increasing plaque formation in heart vessels - ANSWER
T
28.What is the central killing mechanism of neutrophils? - ANSWER
NADPH oxidase, which generates high levels of superoxide, a ROS.
Superoxide combines with NO to form peroxynitrite and hydrogen
peroxide.
