CMB 311 STUDY GUIDE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
What is biochemistry? - ANSWER the study of chemical processes in living
organisms and the structure, function, and biosynthesis of the
macromolecules responsible for these processes
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes - ANSWER - Prokaryotes have no nucleus or
membrane bound organelles
- Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- Both can reproduce and respond to the environment
Archaea and Bacteria - ANSWER two domains of prokaryotes
Eukarya - ANSWER Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei,
including protists, plants, fungi, and animals
Characteristics that distinguish living creatures from inanimate objects -
ANSWER 1) Chemically complex and highly organized
2) Extract and use energy(nutrients) from the environment and export end
products of metabolism (like CO 2exhale)
3) Have the capacity to precisely self-replicate and self-assemble
The basic structural, functional, andbiological unit of Life is - ANSWER A cell
Within the cell Life is organized - ANSWER by organelles
Within the cell Life is self-sustaining - ANSWER by metabolizing nutrients
,and using theenergy
Life is information based - ANSWER by genetic information called DNA
DNA is - ANSWER double helix, contains two antiparallel DNA strands
DNA contains genes which are - ANSWER unit" sequence of"nucleotides"
(900-2700) that encodes the amino acid sequence of a protein, or is used to
make an RNA.
We have (BLANK) chromosomes, eachcontains a double helix DNA. -
ANSWER 46
Life is brought to higher organisms through - ANSWER Tissues, organs etc
plasma membrane - ANSWER A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer
forming the boundary of the cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER interconnectingmembranous tubules"- 2
types
Rough ER (ribosomes) - ANSWER where protein is made; where proteins are
folded
Smooth ER - where Ca2+ - ANSWER where Ca2+ is stored and released for
muscle contraction; where lipids and steroids are synthesized; where toxic
products and ethanol are detoxified in liver.
Golgi apparatus - ANSWER "saclike membraneous vesicles" -packages
proteins for secretion by budding off vesicles
Nucleus - ANSWER where DNA & RNA & ribosomes* are synthesized
Lysosomes - ANSWER Recycling Bin" "Bag of hydrolyticenzymes" to degrade
old proteins and otherbiochemicals that cell is not using.
,Lysosomes - Within cells - ANSWER Digests old proteins and those notin use
Lysosomes - Outside of cells: - ANSWER contents secreted to remodel bones
Mitochondria - ANSWER where a big portion of Aerobic metabolism
(requiring O2) takes place for the synthesis of ATP.
Ribosome - ANSWER a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated
proteins. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize
polypeptides and proteins.
Mitochondrion- Regulate "apoptosis" or programmed cell death - ANSWER
for the normal turnover of old and birth of new cells. Example is that cells of
the intestinal epithelial membrane are shed after a meal.
The Mitochondrion- Site of aerobic metabolism - ANSWER where food
molecules are oxidized for the O2 dependent synthesis of ATP (energy
storage molecule),releasing CO2 (cellular respiration).
How mitochondria are constructed - ANSWER - has double membrane that
separate inner compartment (matrix) seperated with many folds(cristae) and
outercompartment called the intermembrane space
- Soluble enzymes are packed into the mitochondrial "lakes" (the matrix and
the intermembrane space);
- Membrane bound enzymes are found in theinner mitochondrial membrane
Mitochondrion• Have DNA in the matrix - ANSWER - Encodes 5% of the
protein/RNA of mitochondrion (to make protein you needRNA)
- Mitochondrion can replicate without themuscle cell dividing
DNA in mitochondria is believed to haveoriginated from an - ANSWER
, endosymbiotic relationship between an anaerobe and an invading aerobic
bacterium.
Bacterial DNA is - ANSWER circular (eukaryotic DNA is linear)
Mitochondrial DNA is - ANSWER circular
Mitochondria can divide independently of the - ANSWER cell cycle by simple
fission.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - ANSWER DNA -> RNA -> Protein
(Replication-> Transcription-> Translation)
What are organic molecules? - ANSWER are made ofcarbon and hydrogen,
and caninclude other elements.
What makes carbon unique within biological compounds? - ANSWER Carbon
has an atom number of 6. It has 4 valence electrons, all are bonding
electrons.
A carbon atom can share each of its valence electrons with a valence
electron ofanother atom to make covalent bonds between the atoms and
carbon.
The principal elements forming covalent bonds to carbon are - ANSWER
carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous
The principal "ions" in biological fluids are - ANSWER Na+, K+, Ca2+, and
Cl-.
Water (HOH) is the matrix of life - ANSWER Most of the mass of a cell is
water.
What are the four most abundant elements in the cell? - ANSWER Carbon,
COMPLETE SOLUTION
What is biochemistry? - ANSWER the study of chemical processes in living
organisms and the structure, function, and biosynthesis of the
macromolecules responsible for these processes
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes - ANSWER - Prokaryotes have no nucleus or
membrane bound organelles
- Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- Both can reproduce and respond to the environment
Archaea and Bacteria - ANSWER two domains of prokaryotes
Eukarya - ANSWER Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei,
including protists, plants, fungi, and animals
Characteristics that distinguish living creatures from inanimate objects -
ANSWER 1) Chemically complex and highly organized
2) Extract and use energy(nutrients) from the environment and export end
products of metabolism (like CO 2exhale)
3) Have the capacity to precisely self-replicate and self-assemble
The basic structural, functional, andbiological unit of Life is - ANSWER A cell
Within the cell Life is organized - ANSWER by organelles
Within the cell Life is self-sustaining - ANSWER by metabolizing nutrients
,and using theenergy
Life is information based - ANSWER by genetic information called DNA
DNA is - ANSWER double helix, contains two antiparallel DNA strands
DNA contains genes which are - ANSWER unit" sequence of"nucleotides"
(900-2700) that encodes the amino acid sequence of a protein, or is used to
make an RNA.
We have (BLANK) chromosomes, eachcontains a double helix DNA. -
ANSWER 46
Life is brought to higher organisms through - ANSWER Tissues, organs etc
plasma membrane - ANSWER A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer
forming the boundary of the cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER interconnectingmembranous tubules"- 2
types
Rough ER (ribosomes) - ANSWER where protein is made; where proteins are
folded
Smooth ER - where Ca2+ - ANSWER where Ca2+ is stored and released for
muscle contraction; where lipids and steroids are synthesized; where toxic
products and ethanol are detoxified in liver.
Golgi apparatus - ANSWER "saclike membraneous vesicles" -packages
proteins for secretion by budding off vesicles
Nucleus - ANSWER where DNA & RNA & ribosomes* are synthesized
Lysosomes - ANSWER Recycling Bin" "Bag of hydrolyticenzymes" to degrade
old proteins and otherbiochemicals that cell is not using.
,Lysosomes - Within cells - ANSWER Digests old proteins and those notin use
Lysosomes - Outside of cells: - ANSWER contents secreted to remodel bones
Mitochondria - ANSWER where a big portion of Aerobic metabolism
(requiring O2) takes place for the synthesis of ATP.
Ribosome - ANSWER a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated
proteins. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize
polypeptides and proteins.
Mitochondrion- Regulate "apoptosis" or programmed cell death - ANSWER
for the normal turnover of old and birth of new cells. Example is that cells of
the intestinal epithelial membrane are shed after a meal.
The Mitochondrion- Site of aerobic metabolism - ANSWER where food
molecules are oxidized for the O2 dependent synthesis of ATP (energy
storage molecule),releasing CO2 (cellular respiration).
How mitochondria are constructed - ANSWER - has double membrane that
separate inner compartment (matrix) seperated with many folds(cristae) and
outercompartment called the intermembrane space
- Soluble enzymes are packed into the mitochondrial "lakes" (the matrix and
the intermembrane space);
- Membrane bound enzymes are found in theinner mitochondrial membrane
Mitochondrion• Have DNA in the matrix - ANSWER - Encodes 5% of the
protein/RNA of mitochondrion (to make protein you needRNA)
- Mitochondrion can replicate without themuscle cell dividing
DNA in mitochondria is believed to haveoriginated from an - ANSWER
, endosymbiotic relationship between an anaerobe and an invading aerobic
bacterium.
Bacterial DNA is - ANSWER circular (eukaryotic DNA is linear)
Mitochondrial DNA is - ANSWER circular
Mitochondria can divide independently of the - ANSWER cell cycle by simple
fission.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - ANSWER DNA -> RNA -> Protein
(Replication-> Transcription-> Translation)
What are organic molecules? - ANSWER are made ofcarbon and hydrogen,
and caninclude other elements.
What makes carbon unique within biological compounds? - ANSWER Carbon
has an atom number of 6. It has 4 valence electrons, all are bonding
electrons.
A carbon atom can share each of its valence electrons with a valence
electron ofanother atom to make covalent bonds between the atoms and
carbon.
The principal elements forming covalent bonds to carbon are - ANSWER
carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous
The principal "ions" in biological fluids are - ANSWER Na+, K+, Ca2+, and
Cl-.
Water (HOH) is the matrix of life - ANSWER Most of the mass of a cell is
water.
What are the four most abundant elements in the cell? - ANSWER Carbon,
