CMB 311 - Exam 1 Guide With
Complete Solution
Characteristics that distinguish living creatures from inanimate objects -
ANSWER 1. Chemically complex and highly organized
2. extract and use energy (nutrients) from the environment and export end
products of metabolism (like CO2 exhale)
3. Have the capacity to precisely self-replicate and self assemble
what is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of life? - ANSWER
Cell
why do we say life is "information based"? - ANSWER because - the genetic
INFORMATION is stored in within DNA. Various forms of life develop just
depending on how that 'information' is organized
What is a gene? - ANSWER A unit sequence of nucleotides (900-2700) that
encode the amino acid sequence of a protein
What is the main function of organelles ? (Cytoplasm) - ANSWER The inner
substance of a cell. The site of biochemical processes, including initial stages
of glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis and protein synthesis. ribosomes
are found here floating
What is the main function of organelles ? (Plasma Membrane) - ANSWER
Barrier to extracellular medium. Its function is to mitigate and to permit the
entry and exit of molecules and information
What is the main function of organelles ? ( Endoplasmic reticulum) - ANSWER
,Series of membraneous sacs (2)
Rough - ribosomes make it rough as they attach to the sacs. This is where
proteins are made and folded
Smooth - where Ca+2 is stored and released for muscle contraction; where
lipids are synthesized in the liver; and where CHO are attached to proteins
What is the main function of organelles ? (golgi apparatus) - ANSWER
"Sac-like membrane vesicles" - packaging proteins for secretion by budding
off vesicles
What is the main function of organelles ? (nucleus) - ANSWER where DNA
and RNA and Ribosomes are synthesized. Contains cell's genome, known as
"information center" of cell.
what is a ribosome? - ANSWER NOT and organelle. It is a macromolecule
comprised of RNA and proteins. They bind messenger RNA (mRNA) and
transfer RNA (tRNA) to synthesized polypeptides and proteins.
What is the main function of organelles ? (lysosome) - ANSWER "recycling
bin" of the cell. Bag of hydrolytic enzymes to degrade old proteins and other
biochemicals that cell is not using
1. within cells - digest old proteins and those not in use
2. outside of cells - contents secreted to remodel bones
What is the main function of organelles ? (mitochondria) - ANSWER
POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL. Where aerobic metabolism (requires O2) takes
place fro synthesis of ATP.
Mitochondria - ANSWER Contains DNA metric in addition with protein
,enzymes (encodes 5% of the protein RNA of mitochondrion {to make protein
you need RNA}
- they can replicate without muscle dividing cell
What are signs that mitochondria went under endosymbiosis - ANSWER
Bacterial DNA = circular. Eukaryotic DNA = linear.
- DNA in mitochondria indicates that it originated from an endosymbiotic
relationship because it is circular shaped - though to be a relationship
between an anaerobe and an invading aerobic bacteria
- Also they can divide independently from the cell cycle by simple fission
-THey also have their own membranes
what is the central dogma of molecular biology? - ANSWER information
flows from DNA to RNA to protein
what makes carbon unique in biological compounds ? - ANSWER - Carbon
has 4 valence electrons so it can share each of its valence electrons with a val
e- of another atom to make a covalent bond
- Carbon can form 4 strong covalent bonds in many different arrangements
(straight, cyclic, and branched systems)
What are the principal elements forming covalent bonds to carbon? -
ANSWER Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphouorus
What are the principal ions in biological fluids? - ANSWER Na+, K+, Ca+2, Cl-
What is the "matrix" of life? - ANSWER Water (H2O), takes up most of the
mass of a cell
What are the four most abundant elements in the cell? - ANSWER Carbon
, Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
What are the features of a saturated carbon bond? - ANSWER Saturated C
bonds are when Carbon is only connected to other elements via single bonds.
- Saturated bonds are tetrahedral and can rotate
What are the features of unsaturated carbon (C=C) or double bonds? -
ANSWER Double or triple bonds between carbons.
These unsaturated bonds have cis/trans geometry and cannot rotate freely.
What are the four classes of bio/marcomolecules? - ANSWER proteins
nucleic acids
polysaccharides
lipids
What are the names of macromolecules monomers and polymers? - ANSWER
Amino Acids -> Proteins
Nucleotides -> Nucleic Acids
Monosaccharides -> Polysaccharides
No typical monomer(fatty acid is closest) -> Lipids
What are the macromolecules structures and major functions? - ANSWER
Proteins - Cell structure, enzyme(catalysis), control gene expression,
transport, cell motility, defense
Complete Solution
Characteristics that distinguish living creatures from inanimate objects -
ANSWER 1. Chemically complex and highly organized
2. extract and use energy (nutrients) from the environment and export end
products of metabolism (like CO2 exhale)
3. Have the capacity to precisely self-replicate and self assemble
what is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of life? - ANSWER
Cell
why do we say life is "information based"? - ANSWER because - the genetic
INFORMATION is stored in within DNA. Various forms of life develop just
depending on how that 'information' is organized
What is a gene? - ANSWER A unit sequence of nucleotides (900-2700) that
encode the amino acid sequence of a protein
What is the main function of organelles ? (Cytoplasm) - ANSWER The inner
substance of a cell. The site of biochemical processes, including initial stages
of glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis and protein synthesis. ribosomes
are found here floating
What is the main function of organelles ? (Plasma Membrane) - ANSWER
Barrier to extracellular medium. Its function is to mitigate and to permit the
entry and exit of molecules and information
What is the main function of organelles ? ( Endoplasmic reticulum) - ANSWER
,Series of membraneous sacs (2)
Rough - ribosomes make it rough as they attach to the sacs. This is where
proteins are made and folded
Smooth - where Ca+2 is stored and released for muscle contraction; where
lipids are synthesized in the liver; and where CHO are attached to proteins
What is the main function of organelles ? (golgi apparatus) - ANSWER
"Sac-like membrane vesicles" - packaging proteins for secretion by budding
off vesicles
What is the main function of organelles ? (nucleus) - ANSWER where DNA
and RNA and Ribosomes are synthesized. Contains cell's genome, known as
"information center" of cell.
what is a ribosome? - ANSWER NOT and organelle. It is a macromolecule
comprised of RNA and proteins. They bind messenger RNA (mRNA) and
transfer RNA (tRNA) to synthesized polypeptides and proteins.
What is the main function of organelles ? (lysosome) - ANSWER "recycling
bin" of the cell. Bag of hydrolytic enzymes to degrade old proteins and other
biochemicals that cell is not using
1. within cells - digest old proteins and those not in use
2. outside of cells - contents secreted to remodel bones
What is the main function of organelles ? (mitochondria) - ANSWER
POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL. Where aerobic metabolism (requires O2) takes
place fro synthesis of ATP.
Mitochondria - ANSWER Contains DNA metric in addition with protein
,enzymes (encodes 5% of the protein RNA of mitochondrion {to make protein
you need RNA}
- they can replicate without muscle dividing cell
What are signs that mitochondria went under endosymbiosis - ANSWER
Bacterial DNA = circular. Eukaryotic DNA = linear.
- DNA in mitochondria indicates that it originated from an endosymbiotic
relationship because it is circular shaped - though to be a relationship
between an anaerobe and an invading aerobic bacteria
- Also they can divide independently from the cell cycle by simple fission
-THey also have their own membranes
what is the central dogma of molecular biology? - ANSWER information
flows from DNA to RNA to protein
what makes carbon unique in biological compounds ? - ANSWER - Carbon
has 4 valence electrons so it can share each of its valence electrons with a val
e- of another atom to make a covalent bond
- Carbon can form 4 strong covalent bonds in many different arrangements
(straight, cyclic, and branched systems)
What are the principal elements forming covalent bonds to carbon? -
ANSWER Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphouorus
What are the principal ions in biological fluids? - ANSWER Na+, K+, Ca+2, Cl-
What is the "matrix" of life? - ANSWER Water (H2O), takes up most of the
mass of a cell
What are the four most abundant elements in the cell? - ANSWER Carbon
, Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
What are the features of a saturated carbon bond? - ANSWER Saturated C
bonds are when Carbon is only connected to other elements via single bonds.
- Saturated bonds are tetrahedral and can rotate
What are the features of unsaturated carbon (C=C) or double bonds? -
ANSWER Double or triple bonds between carbons.
These unsaturated bonds have cis/trans geometry and cannot rotate freely.
What are the four classes of bio/marcomolecules? - ANSWER proteins
nucleic acids
polysaccharides
lipids
What are the names of macromolecules monomers and polymers? - ANSWER
Amino Acids -> Proteins
Nucleotides -> Nucleic Acids
Monosaccharides -> Polysaccharides
No typical monomer(fatty acid is closest) -> Lipids
What are the macromolecules structures and major functions? - ANSWER
Proteins - Cell structure, enzyme(catalysis), control gene expression,
transport, cell motility, defense
