PNB 2274 Exam 3 (Chen)| PNB 2665 Exam 3 Tophat Questions| recommended set exam with correct answers

PNB 2274 Exam 3 (Chen)| PNB 2665 Exam 3 Tophat Questions| recommended set exam with correct answersPNB 2274 Exam 3 (Chen)| PNB 2665 Exam 3 Tophat Questions| recommended set exam with correct answers What protects the brain? (3 things) - correct answers-1. The bones of the cranium 2. The cranial meninges 3. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) What are the cranial meninges? (List superficial to deep) - correct answers-1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid 3. Pia mater Dura Mater - correct answers-- "Hard mother" - 2 fibrous layers - Space between layers contains tissue fluids, blood vessels and lymphatic system! Arachnoid - correct answers-- Arachnoid membrane: Epithelial layer - Subarachnoid space - Does not follow the brain's underlying folds Pia Mater - correct answers-- Follows the brain's underlying folds - Accompanies the branches of cerebral blood vessels - Protect central nervous system by containing CSF which cushions brain and spine The Brain receives constant supply of blood regardless of activity - correct answers-Membrane transporters move glucose plasma into the brain interstitial fluid Progressive _____________ leads to confusion, unconsciousness, and death - correct answers-(Progressive) *Hypoglycemia* Oxygen can freely pass across the blood-brain barrier. True or false. - correct answers-True The brain consumes about __________ of the body's glucose. - correct answers-Half What arteries supply the brain with blood? (2 answers) - correct answers-- Internal carotid arteries - Vertebral arteries What veins drain blood from the brain, returning it to the heart via the superior vena cava? (1 answer) - correct answers-- Internal jugular veins Anastomosis - correct answers-A cross-connection between adjacent channels, tubes, fibers, or other parts of a network. Circle of Willis - correct answers-- A circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures - It is named after Thomas Willis (), an English physician Collateral Circulation - correct answers-Is the alternate circulation around a blocked artery or vein via another path Blood-Brain Barrier is composed of....(3 answers) - correct answers--Endothelial cells (tight junctions) -Basal Lamina -Astrocyte foot processes Functions of the BBB - correct answers-- Limit paracellular solute flux - Regulate composition and volume of brain interstitial fluid What is the neurovascular unit composed of? - correct answers-- Capillaries - Neurons - Glial cells - Endothelial cells - Pericytes Glial cells compose of ___________ and ____________ - correct answers-Astrocytes and microglial Pericytes are known for __________ and producing _________ _____________ - correct answers-contractility; angiogenic factors All together the neurovascular unit plays a role in - correct answers-Regulation of regional blood flow Clicker Question! From breadth to breadth, which one of the following will be more subjected to a change in pH? a. Brain interstitial fluid b. Plasma - correct answers-Brain interstitial fluid Brain Interstitial Fluid vs. Plasma (5 answers) - correct answers-Brain Interstitial Fluid - Lower pH (7.33) resulting from a higher pCO2 (50mmHg) - Very low protein content (0.2 g/l), resulting in a low buffering capacity - Lower glucose concentration - Low K (due to absorption of K into the blood) - Low HCO3- Blood vessel related CNS Pathologies involving the BBB - correct answers-- Traumatic brain injury - Hypertension - Diabetes - Ischemia, hypoxia - Migraine - Pain (inflammatory, surgical) - Multiple sclerosis Bacterial/virus related CNS Pathologies involving the BBB - correct answers-- HIV-encephalitis - Cerebral malaria - Bacterial meningitis - Brain tumors Neurological disorders involving BBB - correct answers-- Epilepsy - Depression - Schizophrenia Age related dysfunctions involving BBB - correct answers-Alzheimer's, Parkinson's Clicker Question! Disruption of BBB will likely to a. increase extracellular K+ b. decrease extracellular K+ c. decrease reversal potential of K (Ek) d. A and C e. B and C - correct answers-d. Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) - correct answers-- Around and inside brain and spinal cord - Cushion and protection - Maintain chemical stability - Clear waste products CSF is produced in the __________ - correct answers-ventricles CSF is produced by the ___________ _____________ - correct answers-choroid plexus Circulation of CSF - correct answers-1. Leaves the 4th ventricle via paired lateral apertures or the single median aperture 2. Flows through the subarachnoid space 3. Flows into the arachnoid villi, then drains into the dural venous sinuses Clicker Question! As CSF circulates, CSF and the interstitial fluid of the CNS have been shown to have similar ion concentrations, what kind of movement is involved? a. osmosis b. perfusion c. diffusion d. active transporter e. conduction - correct answers-c. diffusion How does sleep affect CSF circulation? - correct answers--Glial cells control flow through the glymphatic system by changing their sizes - Dynamic regulation of extracellular volume is critical in maintaining brain function Clicker Question! The concentration of K+ in cerebrospinal fluid is __________ _________ the blood. a. higher than b. lower than c. the same as - correct answers-b. lower than Clicker Question! If one's BBB is compromised, intially... a. the membrane potential of the effected neurons is more depolarized b. the membrane potential of the effected neurons is more hyperpolarized c. the membrane potential of the effected neurons remains the same - correct answers-a. the membrane potential of the effected neurons is more depolarized Cerebrum - correct answers-Higher brain functions Diencephalon - correct answers-Centers of homeostasis Brainstem - correct answers-Autonomic centers and reflex center Cerebellum - correct answers-Involve in coordination of movement Neocortical Composition - correct answers-pyramidal (75%) and granule cell Layer 1 of neocortex - correct answers-Axons & synapses, few cell bodies Layer 2 of neocortex - c