Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1 with verified answers
Atrophy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an
increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition,
hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must
occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial resection; may be
compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation
(endometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland
enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size,
shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia
or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer
development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical
tx
Metaplasia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another
type for survival
,P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can
arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of
cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial
cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett
Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka
intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism.
eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will
overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and
nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty
infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Oncosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases
in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
,r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D. Can also r/t
hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues-
group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like
clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
Gout - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30
years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream sauces, red wine, or red
meat
Rhabdomyolysis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma,
hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe dehydration
, P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump, causing accumulation of intracellular sodium,
oncosis, and eventual cell death. Cell death releases enzymes such as CK, uric acid, LDH, AST, etc.
C.M. Causes: trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, severe dehydration; s/s: CK is 5x upper normal
limit, muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-brown urine, hypercalcemia, renal failure
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔prostate tumors
Carcino- - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔from epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma
Sarco- - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔from connective tissue- chondrosarcoma
Carcinoma in situ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of
glandular or squamous cells- cervix
Lung ca metastasis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Multiple organs including brain
Colorectal ca metastasis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Liver, lungs
Testicular ca metastasis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Liver, lungs, brain
Prostate ca metastasis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Bones (especially lumbar spine), liver
Head and neck ca metastasis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Liver, bones, lymphatics
Ovarian ca metastasis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Peritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, omentum,
liver
Atrophy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an
increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition,
hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must
occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial resection; may be
compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation
(endometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland
enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size,
shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia
or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer
development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical
tx
Metaplasia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another
type for survival
,P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can
arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of
cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial
cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett
Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka
intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism.
eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will
overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and
nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty
infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Oncosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases
in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
,r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D. Can also r/t
hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues-
group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like
clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
Gout - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30
years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream sauces, red wine, or red
meat
Rhabdomyolysis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma,
hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe dehydration
, P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump, causing accumulation of intracellular sodium,
oncosis, and eventual cell death. Cell death releases enzymes such as CK, uric acid, LDH, AST, etc.
C.M. Causes: trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, severe dehydration; s/s: CK is 5x upper normal
limit, muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-brown urine, hypercalcemia, renal failure
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔prostate tumors
Carcino- - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔from epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma
Sarco- - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔from connective tissue- chondrosarcoma
Carcinoma in situ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of
glandular or squamous cells- cervix
Lung ca metastasis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Multiple organs including brain
Colorectal ca metastasis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Liver, lungs
Testicular ca metastasis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Liver, lungs, brain
Prostate ca metastasis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Bones (especially lumbar spine), liver
Head and neck ca metastasis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Liver, bones, lymphatics
Ovarian ca metastasis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Peritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, omentum,
liver
