NYUCD MPD Midterm
What are Bloodborne pathogens? (BBP) - answer Microorganisms that may be present
in human blood, products made from human blood, or other potentially infectious
materials (OPIM) that are pathogenic (capable of causing disease)
What does OSHA stand for? - answer Occupational Safety and Health Administration
What are some examples of BBP? - answer Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)**
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)**
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)**
Less common pathogens: those that cause malaria, syphilis, brucellosis
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Human T-Lymphotropic virus Type I (HTLV-I)
Plasmodium (caused by Treponema pallidum)
What materials are capable of transmitting bloodborne pathogens? - answer Human
body fluids such as:
-Semen and vaginal secretions
-Cerebrospinal fluids and synovial fluids
-Pleural fluid (fluid between pleura layers outside the lungs)
-Pericardial fluid
-Peritoneal fluid
-Amniotic fluid
-Saliva in dental procedures ****
-Any body fluid that is visibly contaminated with blood
-All body fluids in situations where it is difficult or impossible to differentiate between
body fluids
Also any unfixed tissue or organ, other than skin from a human (living or dead)
and any infected cultures or lab animals
What are other potentially infectious materials (OPIM)? - answer-Saliva (because can
often be contaminated with blood)
-Bodily fluids
Who is at risk for occupational exposure to BBP? - answerDental care personal (DCP)
-clinical faculty members
-clinical administrators, managers and staff
radiology technicians
,-students (DDS, PG, CDE participants, dental hygienists, clinical researchers, observers
and volunteers)
-cleaning contractors
-building maintenance engineers and technicians
What is occupational exposure? - answerA reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous
membrane, or punctured wound that can come into contact with blood or with other
potentially infectious material (OPIM) that may result from the duties of a DCP (dental
care provider)
What are the risks of a DCP? - answerRisks include being exposed to blood and saliva
and OPIM which can cause you to contract HIV, HBV, or HCV (hepatitis B & C)
What is the prevalence of HBV infection? Is there a vaccine? - answerHealthcare
workers and lab personal have a higher prevalence of infection than the general public
But HBV vaccine is available, and it's effective
What is the prevalence of HIV infection? Is there a vaccine? - answerHIV infection is
minimal
There is no vaccine
What is the prevalence of HCV infection? Is there a vaccine? - answerThe prevalence
of infection for DCP and lab personal have similar rate as the general population.
There is no vaccine
How are HIV, HBV, and HCV transmitted? How are they not transmitted? - answerThey
are not transmitted through casual contact
They are transmitted by sexual contact with infected partner, sharing needles/syringes,
organ transplant, blood transfusion, and from infected mother to newborn.
What are possible methods of transmission in a dental setting? - answerThrough
needlestick or puncture wound (parenteral)
HBV, HCV, and HIV can be trasmitted through blood
HBV and HCV ONLY can be transmitted through saliva (NOT HIV)
When infected blood and saliva come in contact with mucous membrane or non-intact
skin
Which of the viruses has a higher rate of transmission? Why? - answerHBV has higher
rate of transmission because it is more concentrated in the blood than HIV or HCV
And it can survive on surfaces/equipment for up to seven days
,What is epidemiology? - answerThe study and analysis of incidence, distribution, and
control of disease in a population
What are Bloodborne pathogens (BBP)? - answerAgents found in blood that can cause
disease (such as viruses and bacteria)
HBV, HCV, HIV are all viral bloodborne pathogens
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), what is the states
for HIV? - answer1.2 million people in the US living with HIV
1 in 8 (12%) are unaware that they have HIV
Gay, bisexual and men that have sex with other men, particularly young black/African
american men are most seriously infected with HIV
By race African americans are most severely affected with the burden of HIV
What is the risk of HIV infection after exposure? - answerAverage risk of infection after
needlestick or cut exposure to HIV-infected blood is 0.3%
Average risk of infection after exposure to eye, nose, or mouth to HIV infected blood is
0.1%
Average risk of infection after exposure of HIV to non-intact skin is less than 0.1%
if skin is intact, there is virtually no risk at all (no cases documented)
What are the symptoms of HIV? - answerHIV has varying symptoms; no symptoms to
flu-like symptoms
Fever, lymph node swelling, rash, fatigue, sore throat, chills, muscle aches, mouth
ulcers
Can develop to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) which is the most severe
phase of HIV infection
What are the symptoms of AIDS? - answerWeight loss, night sweats, fever, chills,
lymph node swelling, weakness, and lack of resistance to disease
What are the symptoms of HCV? - answerMajority of people have no noticeable
symptoms
Acute signs and symptoms include:
Malaise (discomfort)
Weight-loss
Jaundice (yellowing of skin or eyes)
Urticaria (hives)
Nausea & vomiting
Fever
Loss of appetite
Abdominal pain
Dark urine
Joint pain
, Chronicity for liver disease
What does HCV commonly lead to? - answerHCV is the most common cause of chronic
liver disease in the US
What are the signs and symptoms of HBV? - answerFever and Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Nausea and Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Dark urine and Clay-colored bowel movements
Joint pain
Jaundice
When should the HBV vaccine be administered? How much does it cost? -
answerBecause DCP's are at greater risk then the general population due to
occupational exposure, the vaccine is at no cost to the employee
The vaccine should be administered within 10 working days of initial assignment
How effective is the HBV vaccine? - answerIt is effective, 95% develop immunity
Requires 3 injections (in deltoid muscle) over 6-month period
What happens if you decline the HBV vaccine? - answerIf an employee decides to not
be vaccinated, they will be consulted on the risk/benefit and must sign a declination
statement
Hepatitis B vaccine is required for students and strongly recommended for employees
What does OSHA bloodborne pathogen standard require exposure plans for? -
answerIn dental settings there should be control plans for:
Dental procedures (clinical)
Handling or pouring impressions (lab/CDL)
Taking radiographs (radiology/clinics)
Handling contaminated instruments (cleaning and sterilization, central sterilization and
supply areas)
Handling trash or waste (housekeeping)
What is required for an Exposure Control Plan? - answerIt must be written
Must be accessible to all DCP's
Must be updated annually or at least when changes to procedures create new
occupational hazards
Must be available in all clinical areas and laboratories where exposure to BBP's and
OPIM's exist
What are key elements of an Exposure Control Plan? - answerIdentification of job
classifications/tasks where there is exposure to blood/OPIM
Methods of communicating hazards to DCP's
Need for Hepatitis B vaccination
What are Bloodborne pathogens? (BBP) - answer Microorganisms that may be present
in human blood, products made from human blood, or other potentially infectious
materials (OPIM) that are pathogenic (capable of causing disease)
What does OSHA stand for? - answer Occupational Safety and Health Administration
What are some examples of BBP? - answer Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)**
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)**
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)**
Less common pathogens: those that cause malaria, syphilis, brucellosis
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Human T-Lymphotropic virus Type I (HTLV-I)
Plasmodium (caused by Treponema pallidum)
What materials are capable of transmitting bloodborne pathogens? - answer Human
body fluids such as:
-Semen and vaginal secretions
-Cerebrospinal fluids and synovial fluids
-Pleural fluid (fluid between pleura layers outside the lungs)
-Pericardial fluid
-Peritoneal fluid
-Amniotic fluid
-Saliva in dental procedures ****
-Any body fluid that is visibly contaminated with blood
-All body fluids in situations where it is difficult or impossible to differentiate between
body fluids
Also any unfixed tissue or organ, other than skin from a human (living or dead)
and any infected cultures or lab animals
What are other potentially infectious materials (OPIM)? - answer-Saliva (because can
often be contaminated with blood)
-Bodily fluids
Who is at risk for occupational exposure to BBP? - answerDental care personal (DCP)
-clinical faculty members
-clinical administrators, managers and staff
radiology technicians
,-students (DDS, PG, CDE participants, dental hygienists, clinical researchers, observers
and volunteers)
-cleaning contractors
-building maintenance engineers and technicians
What is occupational exposure? - answerA reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous
membrane, or punctured wound that can come into contact with blood or with other
potentially infectious material (OPIM) that may result from the duties of a DCP (dental
care provider)
What are the risks of a DCP? - answerRisks include being exposed to blood and saliva
and OPIM which can cause you to contract HIV, HBV, or HCV (hepatitis B & C)
What is the prevalence of HBV infection? Is there a vaccine? - answerHealthcare
workers and lab personal have a higher prevalence of infection than the general public
But HBV vaccine is available, and it's effective
What is the prevalence of HIV infection? Is there a vaccine? - answerHIV infection is
minimal
There is no vaccine
What is the prevalence of HCV infection? Is there a vaccine? - answerThe prevalence
of infection for DCP and lab personal have similar rate as the general population.
There is no vaccine
How are HIV, HBV, and HCV transmitted? How are they not transmitted? - answerThey
are not transmitted through casual contact
They are transmitted by sexual contact with infected partner, sharing needles/syringes,
organ transplant, blood transfusion, and from infected mother to newborn.
What are possible methods of transmission in a dental setting? - answerThrough
needlestick or puncture wound (parenteral)
HBV, HCV, and HIV can be trasmitted through blood
HBV and HCV ONLY can be transmitted through saliva (NOT HIV)
When infected blood and saliva come in contact with mucous membrane or non-intact
skin
Which of the viruses has a higher rate of transmission? Why? - answerHBV has higher
rate of transmission because it is more concentrated in the blood than HIV or HCV
And it can survive on surfaces/equipment for up to seven days
,What is epidemiology? - answerThe study and analysis of incidence, distribution, and
control of disease in a population
What are Bloodborne pathogens (BBP)? - answerAgents found in blood that can cause
disease (such as viruses and bacteria)
HBV, HCV, HIV are all viral bloodborne pathogens
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), what is the states
for HIV? - answer1.2 million people in the US living with HIV
1 in 8 (12%) are unaware that they have HIV
Gay, bisexual and men that have sex with other men, particularly young black/African
american men are most seriously infected with HIV
By race African americans are most severely affected with the burden of HIV
What is the risk of HIV infection after exposure? - answerAverage risk of infection after
needlestick or cut exposure to HIV-infected blood is 0.3%
Average risk of infection after exposure to eye, nose, or mouth to HIV infected blood is
0.1%
Average risk of infection after exposure of HIV to non-intact skin is less than 0.1%
if skin is intact, there is virtually no risk at all (no cases documented)
What are the symptoms of HIV? - answerHIV has varying symptoms; no symptoms to
flu-like symptoms
Fever, lymph node swelling, rash, fatigue, sore throat, chills, muscle aches, mouth
ulcers
Can develop to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) which is the most severe
phase of HIV infection
What are the symptoms of AIDS? - answerWeight loss, night sweats, fever, chills,
lymph node swelling, weakness, and lack of resistance to disease
What are the symptoms of HCV? - answerMajority of people have no noticeable
symptoms
Acute signs and symptoms include:
Malaise (discomfort)
Weight-loss
Jaundice (yellowing of skin or eyes)
Urticaria (hives)
Nausea & vomiting
Fever
Loss of appetite
Abdominal pain
Dark urine
Joint pain
, Chronicity for liver disease
What does HCV commonly lead to? - answerHCV is the most common cause of chronic
liver disease in the US
What are the signs and symptoms of HBV? - answerFever and Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Nausea and Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Dark urine and Clay-colored bowel movements
Joint pain
Jaundice
When should the HBV vaccine be administered? How much does it cost? -
answerBecause DCP's are at greater risk then the general population due to
occupational exposure, the vaccine is at no cost to the employee
The vaccine should be administered within 10 working days of initial assignment
How effective is the HBV vaccine? - answerIt is effective, 95% develop immunity
Requires 3 injections (in deltoid muscle) over 6-month period
What happens if you decline the HBV vaccine? - answerIf an employee decides to not
be vaccinated, they will be consulted on the risk/benefit and must sign a declination
statement
Hepatitis B vaccine is required for students and strongly recommended for employees
What does OSHA bloodborne pathogen standard require exposure plans for? -
answerIn dental settings there should be control plans for:
Dental procedures (clinical)
Handling or pouring impressions (lab/CDL)
Taking radiographs (radiology/clinics)
Handling contaminated instruments (cleaning and sterilization, central sterilization and
supply areas)
Handling trash or waste (housekeeping)
What is required for an Exposure Control Plan? - answerIt must be written
Must be accessible to all DCP's
Must be updated annually or at least when changes to procedures create new
occupational hazards
Must be available in all clinical areas and laboratories where exposure to BBP's and
OPIM's exist
What are key elements of an Exposure Control Plan? - answerIdentification of job
classifications/tasks where there is exposure to blood/OPIM
Methods of communicating hazards to DCP's
Need for Hepatitis B vaccination
