HSM 230 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED
Be familiar with the five reasons why there is a focus on vulnerable populations in the
United States - ANSWER-1. Greater health needs
2. vulnerable population is increasing
3. vulnerability is a social issue
4. vulnerability is related to the nation's health & resources
5. growing emphasis on equity
12 categories of vulnerable populations - ANSWER-a. Physically or mentally disabled -
blind, deaf or hard-of-hearing, cognitive disorders (many homeless), mobility limitations
b. Limited or non-English speaking
c. Geographically or culturally isolated - rural areas
d. Medically or chemically dependent - drug addicts
e. Homeless
f. Frail / elderly
g. Children - socially isolated, domestic violence
h. Autism
i. Communication/speech impediments (stuttering)
j. Environmental illness - gulf war syndrome, heat illness
k. HIV/AIDs
l. Veterans - have PTSD
6 characteristics of vulnerable populations - ANSWER-illegal activity
economic factors
education factors
health status
women
foreign
Define the health care definition of vulnerable population. - ANSWER-Individuals who
are susceptible to poor health
Individual Determinants Model (Rogers) - ANSWER-delineates vulnerable from non-
vulnerable populations based on the following personal characteristics: age gender,
race & ethnicity, education, income, life changes. This model is NOT designed to reflect
on any aspects of community or society that might reflect vulnerability. It is the most
foundational and most common model.
Individual Social Resources Model (Aday) - ANSWER-vulnerability is related to social
status (biological characteristics), social capital (social support - quantity and quality of
, interpersonal ties), and human capital (productive potential - individual skills and
capabilities)
Individual Health Behaviors Model - ANSWER-vulnerable populations engage in fewer
health promoting activities (exercise, healthy eating, wearing seatbelts) and more health
risk behaviors
Community Social Resources Model (Flakerud and Winslow) - ANSWER-community
resources (both socioeconomic and environmental) strongly influence the health of a
community and therefore contribute to the vulnerability of individuals living within the
community. This is similar to Aday's model, but instead, vulnerability is defined at the
population level as social groups that experience differences in the availability of social
resources & consequently have higher risk for morbidity and premature mortality.
Community Environmental Exposures Model - ANSWER-health imparting
environmental exposures such as exposure to lead, TB transmission, exposure to
violent crime, air pollution, work place safety
Community Medically Underserved Model - ANSWER-community resources include the
availability of medical care. Lack of available medical services is a factor for poorer
health status.
Medically Underserved Area (MUA) - ANSWER-based on measurement of physician to
population ratios, infant mortality rates, poverty rates, and proportion of the population
that is elderly
Identify the measures of SES - ANSWER-income, occupation, education
Be able to explain why SES is most common explanation for linkage between
vulnerable population and poor health care access and health status - ANSWER-a.
Lower SES individuals have fewer financial resources to maintain and promote personal
health adequately - struggle to buy healthy foods, safe/adequate housing, reliable
transportation, etc.
b. Low SES groups have less financial access to healthcare services - hard time paying
for treatment
Socioenvironmental theories - ANSWER-associated with social factors or environmental
exposures
i. Environmental exposures, stress, poverty, poor-quality housing, societal-level
phenomena (economic downturn, war)
Psychosocial/behavioral theories - ANSWER-associated with characteristics of the
individual, such as behavior or psychological factors
Biogenetic and physiological theories - ANSWER-associated with genetic or biological
processes
AND ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED
Be familiar with the five reasons why there is a focus on vulnerable populations in the
United States - ANSWER-1. Greater health needs
2. vulnerable population is increasing
3. vulnerability is a social issue
4. vulnerability is related to the nation's health & resources
5. growing emphasis on equity
12 categories of vulnerable populations - ANSWER-a. Physically or mentally disabled -
blind, deaf or hard-of-hearing, cognitive disorders (many homeless), mobility limitations
b. Limited or non-English speaking
c. Geographically or culturally isolated - rural areas
d. Medically or chemically dependent - drug addicts
e. Homeless
f. Frail / elderly
g. Children - socially isolated, domestic violence
h. Autism
i. Communication/speech impediments (stuttering)
j. Environmental illness - gulf war syndrome, heat illness
k. HIV/AIDs
l. Veterans - have PTSD
6 characteristics of vulnerable populations - ANSWER-illegal activity
economic factors
education factors
health status
women
foreign
Define the health care definition of vulnerable population. - ANSWER-Individuals who
are susceptible to poor health
Individual Determinants Model (Rogers) - ANSWER-delineates vulnerable from non-
vulnerable populations based on the following personal characteristics: age gender,
race & ethnicity, education, income, life changes. This model is NOT designed to reflect
on any aspects of community or society that might reflect vulnerability. It is the most
foundational and most common model.
Individual Social Resources Model (Aday) - ANSWER-vulnerability is related to social
status (biological characteristics), social capital (social support - quantity and quality of
, interpersonal ties), and human capital (productive potential - individual skills and
capabilities)
Individual Health Behaviors Model - ANSWER-vulnerable populations engage in fewer
health promoting activities (exercise, healthy eating, wearing seatbelts) and more health
risk behaviors
Community Social Resources Model (Flakerud and Winslow) - ANSWER-community
resources (both socioeconomic and environmental) strongly influence the health of a
community and therefore contribute to the vulnerability of individuals living within the
community. This is similar to Aday's model, but instead, vulnerability is defined at the
population level as social groups that experience differences in the availability of social
resources & consequently have higher risk for morbidity and premature mortality.
Community Environmental Exposures Model - ANSWER-health imparting
environmental exposures such as exposure to lead, TB transmission, exposure to
violent crime, air pollution, work place safety
Community Medically Underserved Model - ANSWER-community resources include the
availability of medical care. Lack of available medical services is a factor for poorer
health status.
Medically Underserved Area (MUA) - ANSWER-based on measurement of physician to
population ratios, infant mortality rates, poverty rates, and proportion of the population
that is elderly
Identify the measures of SES - ANSWER-income, occupation, education
Be able to explain why SES is most common explanation for linkage between
vulnerable population and poor health care access and health status - ANSWER-a.
Lower SES individuals have fewer financial resources to maintain and promote personal
health adequately - struggle to buy healthy foods, safe/adequate housing, reliable
transportation, etc.
b. Low SES groups have less financial access to healthcare services - hard time paying
for treatment
Socioenvironmental theories - ANSWER-associated with social factors or environmental
exposures
i. Environmental exposures, stress, poverty, poor-quality housing, societal-level
phenomena (economic downturn, war)
Psychosocial/behavioral theories - ANSWER-associated with characteristics of the
individual, such as behavior or psychological factors
Biogenetic and physiological theories - ANSWER-associated with genetic or biological
processes
