NUR 641E Midterm Exam Study Guide |Questions with
100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest Update 2024
Graded A+
Absorption - ANSWER from the administration site either directly or indirectly into
the blood/plasma
Distribution - ANSWER Reversibly or irreversibly move from bloodstream into the
interstitial and intracellular fluid
Metabolism - ANSWER Biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues
Elimination - ANSWER Lastly, the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the
body
IV - ANSWER -highest bioavailability
-bypasses absorption
-*avoids first pass in the liver*
rectal - ANSWER -erratic and variable absorption
4-5 - ANSWER SS achieved in _-_ half lives
Half-life - ANSWER -how long it takes for drug to be excreted from the body
-determines frequency of administration
-predicts how long toxic effects can last
first-order (linear) pharmacokinetics - ANSWER metabolism is directly proportional
to the free concentration of the drug
zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics - ANSWER drug is metabolized at a
constant rate per unit of time
CYP3A4 substrates - ANSWER may have decreased activity if any CYP3A4
inducer drugs are used along with it
Discovery - ANSWER laboratory research to develop the new drug
Preclinical research - ANSWER animal testing for safety
Phase I - ANSWER clinical research on healthy human subjects to assess
medication PK
Phase II - ANSWER clinical research in humans primarily for medication safety
usually in a population for which the treatment is intended
,Phase III - ANSWER clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to
accepted medications or placebo for efficacy and safety
Phase IV - ANSWER post marketing surveillance. Reporting of adverse effects not
identified in earlier clinical studies
medication safety organizations - ANSWER -ISMP
-IOM
-Joint Commission
-NCC MERP
-FDA Safe Use Initiative
pharmacological ADR - ANSWER -80-90% of ADRs
-an extension of the pharmacological affect of the drug
-ex. overdose
idiosyncratic ADR - ANSWER -separate from the pharmacological affect of the drug
-commonly immune mediated response
does not - ANSWER the FDA does/does not mandate that ADRs be reported
Polypharmacy - ANSWER involves using multiple health care providers for care,
using multiple medications, and using several pharmacies for prescription filling
ACEI - ANSWER -Lisinopril, captopril, enalopil, ramipril, benazepril, fosinopril
-suppress the release of ACE
ACEI (side effects) - ANSWER -cough
-angioedema
-discontinue the ACEI if angioedema occurs
ARBs - ANSWER -block angiotensin II receptors
primary hypertension - ANSWER -denotes high blood pressure from an unidentified
cause; also called essential hypertension
-90% of cases
secondary hypertension - ANSWER -high blood pressure caused by the effects of
another disease
-example: chronic renal failure
Nitroglycerin - ANSWER -IV/SL/topical/transdermal
-contraindicated with PDE-5 inhibitors
nitrates (contraindications) - ANSWER sildenafil, verdenafil
amiodarone - ANSWER -antiarrhythmic of choice with coexisting heart failure
-can cause thyroid and pulmonary toxicity
alpha-1 stimulation - ANSWER -vasoconstriction
, -increased blood pressure
alpha-1 blockade - ANSWER -vasodilation
-reduced blood pressure
beta-1 stimulation - ANSWER -increased HR
-increased BP
-increased CO
beta-1 blockade - ANSWER -reduced heart rate
-reduced BP
-reduced CO
beta agonists - ANSWER -isoproternol
LHF - ANSWER -decreased delivery of O2 to body tissues
RHF - ANSWER -associated with pulmonary disease and increased pulmonary
resistance
furosemide - ANSWER relieves heart failure symptoms but does not reduce
mortality is furosemide
loop diuretics - ANSWER -potent diuretics
-can cause diuretic resistance and hypokalemia
-work on receptors in the thick ascending renal loop of Henle
-inhibit the reabsorption of sodium and chloride
potassium-sparing diuretics - ANSWER -spironolactone
-triameterne
milrinone - ANSWER phosphodiesterase inhibitor used for acute heart failure
squatting - ANSWER children with tetralogy of fallot can stop hypoxic spells by
PDA (s/s) - ANSWER -continuous machine like murmur heard over the left sternal
border in both systole and diastole
-bounding pulse
-thrill on palpations
-treated with IV NSAIDs including indomethacin
Raynaud's disease - ANSWER -vasospastic disorder seen in colder weather
-involves the small artiers and arterioles in the fingers; ocasionally the toes are also
involved
nifedipine - ANSWER treatment for Raynaud's; dihydropyridine type calcium
channel blocker
Asthma - ANSWER -obstructive airway disease associated with airflow obstruction,
mucus production, hyperreactivity of the bronchial tissue and inflammation
100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest Update 2024
Graded A+
Absorption - ANSWER from the administration site either directly or indirectly into
the blood/plasma
Distribution - ANSWER Reversibly or irreversibly move from bloodstream into the
interstitial and intracellular fluid
Metabolism - ANSWER Biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues
Elimination - ANSWER Lastly, the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the
body
IV - ANSWER -highest bioavailability
-bypasses absorption
-*avoids first pass in the liver*
rectal - ANSWER -erratic and variable absorption
4-5 - ANSWER SS achieved in _-_ half lives
Half-life - ANSWER -how long it takes for drug to be excreted from the body
-determines frequency of administration
-predicts how long toxic effects can last
first-order (linear) pharmacokinetics - ANSWER metabolism is directly proportional
to the free concentration of the drug
zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics - ANSWER drug is metabolized at a
constant rate per unit of time
CYP3A4 substrates - ANSWER may have decreased activity if any CYP3A4
inducer drugs are used along with it
Discovery - ANSWER laboratory research to develop the new drug
Preclinical research - ANSWER animal testing for safety
Phase I - ANSWER clinical research on healthy human subjects to assess
medication PK
Phase II - ANSWER clinical research in humans primarily for medication safety
usually in a population for which the treatment is intended
,Phase III - ANSWER clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to
accepted medications or placebo for efficacy and safety
Phase IV - ANSWER post marketing surveillance. Reporting of adverse effects not
identified in earlier clinical studies
medication safety organizations - ANSWER -ISMP
-IOM
-Joint Commission
-NCC MERP
-FDA Safe Use Initiative
pharmacological ADR - ANSWER -80-90% of ADRs
-an extension of the pharmacological affect of the drug
-ex. overdose
idiosyncratic ADR - ANSWER -separate from the pharmacological affect of the drug
-commonly immune mediated response
does not - ANSWER the FDA does/does not mandate that ADRs be reported
Polypharmacy - ANSWER involves using multiple health care providers for care,
using multiple medications, and using several pharmacies for prescription filling
ACEI - ANSWER -Lisinopril, captopril, enalopil, ramipril, benazepril, fosinopril
-suppress the release of ACE
ACEI (side effects) - ANSWER -cough
-angioedema
-discontinue the ACEI if angioedema occurs
ARBs - ANSWER -block angiotensin II receptors
primary hypertension - ANSWER -denotes high blood pressure from an unidentified
cause; also called essential hypertension
-90% of cases
secondary hypertension - ANSWER -high blood pressure caused by the effects of
another disease
-example: chronic renal failure
Nitroglycerin - ANSWER -IV/SL/topical/transdermal
-contraindicated with PDE-5 inhibitors
nitrates (contraindications) - ANSWER sildenafil, verdenafil
amiodarone - ANSWER -antiarrhythmic of choice with coexisting heart failure
-can cause thyroid and pulmonary toxicity
alpha-1 stimulation - ANSWER -vasoconstriction
, -increased blood pressure
alpha-1 blockade - ANSWER -vasodilation
-reduced blood pressure
beta-1 stimulation - ANSWER -increased HR
-increased BP
-increased CO
beta-1 blockade - ANSWER -reduced heart rate
-reduced BP
-reduced CO
beta agonists - ANSWER -isoproternol
LHF - ANSWER -decreased delivery of O2 to body tissues
RHF - ANSWER -associated with pulmonary disease and increased pulmonary
resistance
furosemide - ANSWER relieves heart failure symptoms but does not reduce
mortality is furosemide
loop diuretics - ANSWER -potent diuretics
-can cause diuretic resistance and hypokalemia
-work on receptors in the thick ascending renal loop of Henle
-inhibit the reabsorption of sodium and chloride
potassium-sparing diuretics - ANSWER -spironolactone
-triameterne
milrinone - ANSWER phosphodiesterase inhibitor used for acute heart failure
squatting - ANSWER children with tetralogy of fallot can stop hypoxic spells by
PDA (s/s) - ANSWER -continuous machine like murmur heard over the left sternal
border in both systole and diastole
-bounding pulse
-thrill on palpations
-treated with IV NSAIDs including indomethacin
Raynaud's disease - ANSWER -vasospastic disorder seen in colder weather
-involves the small artiers and arterioles in the fingers; ocasionally the toes are also
involved
nifedipine - ANSWER treatment for Raynaud's; dihydropyridine type calcium
channel blocker
Asthma - ANSWER -obstructive airway disease associated with airflow obstruction,
mucus production, hyperreactivity of the bronchial tissue and inflammation
