©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
MDSC 321 Exam Study Guide Solutions
immunology *functional definition* - ANSWER✔✔how many organism interacts with the biological
world. every living thing has a form of immunity. immuno provides a set of skills to allow you to question
and understand these interactions; formulate answers based on evidence
immunology *dictionary definition* - ANSWER✔✔from Latin "Immunis" meaning exemption from
service/duty, and later exemption from disease.
MODERN DEFINITION: Science of how our body recognizes itself, and how it produces soluble and
cellular defenses --> cellular defenses to DISEASE
disease - ANSWER✔✔pattern of response of a living organism to some form of injury. immune system
responds to any form of injury
some cellular defenses against... - ANSWER✔✔pathogens, allergies, transplants, mutated cells (cancer) --
> when immune system fails to attack mutated cells, tumour grows.
Thucydides - ANSWER✔✔- man's earliest attempt to define immunity
- *Justinian Plague*: killed 30-50 million about half the population. burned bodies left and right.
- no knowledge of germ theory or disease, that bacteria existed
Page 1/90
, ©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
- doctors with beak masks and large coat "healed" people. thought to be airborne
- ppl who survived were given the most compassion because they experienced the disease and now had
no fear
- could not be infected again
- first observation of immunization -->. try to formulate answers based on evidence
celsus - ANSWER✔✔*cardinal signs of inflammation* that occur during ALL forms of inflammation.
purposefully done by our immune system to protect us:
- Rubor (redness): more blood cells to site
- Tumor (Swelling): fluid goes to area
- Calor (heat): cells are metabolizing more
- Dolor (pain): immune molecules we secrete kill intruders as well as our own cells. pain stops us from
using that part of the body so we can heal and repair
Galen - ANSWER✔✔5th cardinal sign of inflammation: *Functio Laesa*: loss of function, for our own
protection!! to heal!! and prevent us from harming it some more
chinese in 12th century - ANSWER✔✔inhaled ground crusts (scab powder) from small pox pustules.
contained a weakened live virus. mildly sick but got immunity!
Page 2/90
, ©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
turks in 12th century - ANSWER✔✔inserted crusts (scab powder) from small pox pustules into small cuts
in skin. dragged scalpels across the body and put powder in the cuts. mildly sick but immune!
smallpox facts - ANSWER✔✔30-80% fatality or 8/10. worst disease ever
lady mary wortley montague - ANSWER✔✔- wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople
- allowed her children to be vaccinated against smallpox, against husband's will
- introduced technique to Britain when she returned and western world
- vaccines were not recognized by western medicine. immunity only occurred in marginalized
communities until HER !
Edward Jenner - ANSWER✔✔- one of the most famous people in immunology
- noticed that military (despite crowded living condition), farmers, and milkmaids never got smallpox.
they worked with horses
- cowpox produced similar symptoms to smallpox.
_ "golden age of immunology" where ethics boards didn't exist. he was able to infect an unwilling boy
with cowpox
- earliest form of immunization and had anti vaxxers
- since 1975, vaccines for smallpox were not given
Page 3/90
, ©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
John Snow - ANSWER✔✔- cholera outbreak in Broad Street, London. 127 dead in 3 days, 500 by 10 days.
- centred around a public well, which snow thought was contaminated
- once he removed the pump handle so people couldn't drink from that well, outbreak ended
- first example of community based epidemiology where we can track source of infection
cholera - ANSWER✔✔infection from drinking contaminated water. causes diarrhea
Robert Koch - ANSWER✔✔- formulated Koch's Postulates
- discovered that microbes cause wounds to go septic (cause infection and pus-y wounds). if we can keep
microbes out, we would prevent infection
- identified bacteria that causes tuberculosis and cholera
- 1905 Nobel prize
Koch's Postulates - ANSWER✔✔ALL INFECTIONS MUST SATISFY THESE 4 CONDITIONS
- Organism should be constantly present in animals suffering from disease and should not be present in
healthy individuals. everyone w sane disease must have the same infectious thing in them
- The organism must be cultured in pure culture away from the animal body in Petri dish .
Page 4/90
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
MDSC 321 Exam Study Guide Solutions
immunology *functional definition* - ANSWER✔✔how many organism interacts with the biological
world. every living thing has a form of immunity. immuno provides a set of skills to allow you to question
and understand these interactions; formulate answers based on evidence
immunology *dictionary definition* - ANSWER✔✔from Latin "Immunis" meaning exemption from
service/duty, and later exemption from disease.
MODERN DEFINITION: Science of how our body recognizes itself, and how it produces soluble and
cellular defenses --> cellular defenses to DISEASE
disease - ANSWER✔✔pattern of response of a living organism to some form of injury. immune system
responds to any form of injury
some cellular defenses against... - ANSWER✔✔pathogens, allergies, transplants, mutated cells (cancer) --
> when immune system fails to attack mutated cells, tumour grows.
Thucydides - ANSWER✔✔- man's earliest attempt to define immunity
- *Justinian Plague*: killed 30-50 million about half the population. burned bodies left and right.
- no knowledge of germ theory or disease, that bacteria existed
Page 1/90
, ©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
- doctors with beak masks and large coat "healed" people. thought to be airborne
- ppl who survived were given the most compassion because they experienced the disease and now had
no fear
- could not be infected again
- first observation of immunization -->. try to formulate answers based on evidence
celsus - ANSWER✔✔*cardinal signs of inflammation* that occur during ALL forms of inflammation.
purposefully done by our immune system to protect us:
- Rubor (redness): more blood cells to site
- Tumor (Swelling): fluid goes to area
- Calor (heat): cells are metabolizing more
- Dolor (pain): immune molecules we secrete kill intruders as well as our own cells. pain stops us from
using that part of the body so we can heal and repair
Galen - ANSWER✔✔5th cardinal sign of inflammation: *Functio Laesa*: loss of function, for our own
protection!! to heal!! and prevent us from harming it some more
chinese in 12th century - ANSWER✔✔inhaled ground crusts (scab powder) from small pox pustules.
contained a weakened live virus. mildly sick but got immunity!
Page 2/90
, ©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
turks in 12th century - ANSWER✔✔inserted crusts (scab powder) from small pox pustules into small cuts
in skin. dragged scalpels across the body and put powder in the cuts. mildly sick but immune!
smallpox facts - ANSWER✔✔30-80% fatality or 8/10. worst disease ever
lady mary wortley montague - ANSWER✔✔- wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople
- allowed her children to be vaccinated against smallpox, against husband's will
- introduced technique to Britain when she returned and western world
- vaccines were not recognized by western medicine. immunity only occurred in marginalized
communities until HER !
Edward Jenner - ANSWER✔✔- one of the most famous people in immunology
- noticed that military (despite crowded living condition), farmers, and milkmaids never got smallpox.
they worked with horses
- cowpox produced similar symptoms to smallpox.
_ "golden age of immunology" where ethics boards didn't exist. he was able to infect an unwilling boy
with cowpox
- earliest form of immunization and had anti vaxxers
- since 1975, vaccines for smallpox were not given
Page 3/90
, ©EMILLECT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
John Snow - ANSWER✔✔- cholera outbreak in Broad Street, London. 127 dead in 3 days, 500 by 10 days.
- centred around a public well, which snow thought was contaminated
- once he removed the pump handle so people couldn't drink from that well, outbreak ended
- first example of community based epidemiology where we can track source of infection
cholera - ANSWER✔✔infection from drinking contaminated water. causes diarrhea
Robert Koch - ANSWER✔✔- formulated Koch's Postulates
- discovered that microbes cause wounds to go septic (cause infection and pus-y wounds). if we can keep
microbes out, we would prevent infection
- identified bacteria that causes tuberculosis and cholera
- 1905 Nobel prize
Koch's Postulates - ANSWER✔✔ALL INFECTIONS MUST SATISFY THESE 4 CONDITIONS
- Organism should be constantly present in animals suffering from disease and should not be present in
healthy individuals. everyone w sane disease must have the same infectious thing in them
- The organism must be cultured in pure culture away from the animal body in Petri dish .
Page 4/90
