SECURITY FOUNDATIONS - D481 – OA EXAM 2025 {graded A}

SECURITY FOUNDATIONS - D481 – OA
EXAM 2025 {graded A}


1. Compare and contrast the TCP/IP model with the OSI
model. How are they different? How are they similar? -
CORRECT ANSWER · OSI is more complex
o Physical, data, network, transport, session, presentation,
application

· TCP/IP is more used today
o Application, transport, internet, network access layers

What are the major differences between circuit-switched,
packet-switched, and IP-based communications? - CORRECT
ANSWER · Circuit = telephony/analog
· Packet = digital communication
· IP = most popular today

How does IP-based communication work in today's
networks? - CORRECT ANSWER Delivers in real-time across
complex networks to a destination on the network layer

What is the difference between routing and switching in
network technology? - CORRECT ANSWER · Routing is the
process of directing a packet from one network to another
until it reaches its destination

· Switching subdivides a network into multiple smaller
networks

,What is the IEEE 802.3 standard, and what are its
specifications? - CORRECT ANSWER · Also known as the
ethernet standard

· Defines the physical and media access control (MAC) of the
data link layer for wired Ethernet networks

What is the difference between IPv4 and IPv6? - CORRECT
ANSWER · The IPv4 is a 32-bit address
· IPv6 is a 128-bit hexadecimal address
· IPv6 has more number of addresses available

What is the difference between the Internet and the World
Wide Web? - CORRECT ANSWER · In simpler terms, the Internet
is the vast network that connects devices, while the World
Wide Web is a part of the Internet that allows you to access
and browse web pages.

· Think of the Internet as the roads, and the World Wide Web
as the towns and cities you can visit along those roads.

This individual is credited with inventing the World Wide
Web. Who is he? - CORRECT ANSWER Tim Berners-Lee

What is the difference between connectionless and
connection-oriented communications? - CORRECT ANSWER ·
Connection-oriented requires less work to set up
o Think of 1-on-1 burger conversation

· Connectionless takes more work to set up but makes
sense if there's congestion
o Longer route with less traffic may be faster

, o Makes sense for occasional needs

What services does the OSI model Presentation Layer
provide? - CORRECT ANSWER · Formats and translates data
receiving from session layer to application
· Data formatting and encryption
· Email readability
· Converting data into JPEG, GIF, MPEG, etc.

Describe the OSI model Session Layer, and what services
does it provide? - CORRECT ANSWER · The layer that connects
packets into conversations

· Several different modes of communicating
o Full duplex: both ends of connection can communicate
o Half duplex: both ends of connection can communicate,
but only one at a time
o Simplex: the source can only send data to the destination

Describe the OSI model Application Layer, what are its
common protocols and applications? - CORRECT ANSWER ·
Generally the only layer that interacts directly with the
human being
· Referred to as user interface
· Provides services for user applications such as web
browser

Describe the history of the Internet? - CORRECT ANSWER ·
ARPANET was created in 1969 and provided the foundation
for what came to be known as the Internet.