ATI Comprehensive Exit Final/ Questions & Answers /Latest Update ( A+Grade)

-NR507 MIDTERM REVISION/ LATEST UPDATE( A+ GRADE )
Chronic productive cough (3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years)
-release of inflammatory mediators( histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes,
interleukins)
-smooth muscle constriction, hypertrophy
- Airflow obstruction ( SOB, wheezing, cyanosis)
- Peripheral edema
- alveolar hyperinflation
- CO2 retention
- Irreversible

Caused by:
-Long-term exposure to environmental irritants
- Repeated episodes of acute bronchitis
- Factor(s) affecting gestational or childhood lung development - the most common
being pre-term birth and/or RSV infection in early infancy

nephron anatomy - CORRECT ANSWERS -

kidney anatomy - CORRECT ANSWERS -

- CORRECT ANSWERS -

Nephron - CORRECT ANSWERS -Multicellular structure
- Bowman's capsule
- Tubule system (PCT, Loop of henle, DCT, and collecting duct)

- Glomerular & Peritubular capillaries surround each nephron

-Cannot regenerate
- GFR decreased by 1 ml/min/year after 30

- Filtration
-Reabsorption
- Secretion
- Excretion

Glomerular filtration - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Blood pressure forces water and
dissolved plasma components ( Glucose, ions, amino acids, urea, and creatinine)
through glomerulus & Bowman's capsule into the renal tubule system

Tubular reabsorption - CORRECT ANSWERS -Selective return of water and solutes (
glucose, ions, amino acids, urea) FROM the filtrate of the nephron tubule system INTO
the bloodstream of the peritubular capillaries

, -65% of salt, water and most organic substances are reabsorbed in the PCT
- Remainder of water and ions are reabsorbed throughout the tubule system; ADH &
Aldosterone influence amounts

Tubular Secretion - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Movement of material (Urea, NH3, H, K,
some Rx, Misc chem) FROM the bloodstream of the peritubular capillaries INTO the
filtrate of the nephron tubule system

proximal tubule - CORRECT ANSWERS -Reabsorption
-Na, Glucose, K, Amino acids, Hco3, Po4, Urea, H2o (ADH not required)

Secretion
-H, Foreign substances

Isotonic

Loop of Henle - CORRECT ANSWERS -Desc loop
-Water reabsorption, NA diffuses in

Asc loop
-Na reabsorbed (active transport), water stays in

Urea secretion in thin segment

Isotonic, Hyper and hypotonic

Distal tubule - CORRECT ANSWERS -Reabsorption
-Na, H2o (ADH required), Hco3

Secretion
-K, Urea, H, Nh3, some drugs

Hypotonic

Collecting duct - CORRECT ANSWERS -Reabsorption of H2o (ADH required)

reabsorb or secret Na, K, H, Nh3

Urea reabsorbed in medulla

Final concentration

Urinary Excretion - CORRECT ANSWERS --Final elimination of wastes, excess water
and ions

-Creat, Urea, NH3, H