Psychology 1400 (USU)- Exam #2

Delayed Conditioning - When CS precedes US CS - Conditioned Stimulus Learned US - Unconditioned Stimulus Without learning Pavlovian (Classical) Conditioning - One way that organisms learn to interact with their environment effectively Innate and involuntary behaviors Pavlovian Extinction - Present CS without US should lose response Neutral Stimulus - Stimulus that has no effect on reaction Little Albert Studies - Watson and Rayner Mouse (NS)--- Loud sound (US)--- Albert cries (UR) Mouse (CS)---- Albert cries (CR) Generalized Gradiant - Stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus will produce similar response EX: Little Albert fears anything white and furry -rabbit, Santa mask... Reinforcement - Increases desired behavior, PROCEDURE Reinforcer - 1. Follows behavior - "Consequence of behavior" 2. Increases rate of behavior Proven reward Rate of behavior should increase when compared to baseline EVENT ABC - A- Antecedent B- Behavior C- Consequence Averse-Counter Conditioning - Condition not to do a behavior EX: Vomit drug when drinks alcohol Eat something--feel sick--avoid food in future (feel nauseous at sight) Extinction - 1. Reinforcer is STOPPED 2. Behavior decreases CS without US CS loses ability to have a CR Spontaneous Recovery - Extinction does not last past sessions CS occurs with CR even after extinction Law of Effect - Thorndike- Consequences influence behavior Skinner's Operant Behavior - Animals "operate" (interact) with their environment Positive Reinforcers - 1. Increase rate of behavior 2. Consequences (EVENTS) of behavior 3. Follows a behavior DRI - Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior can't have both behaviors occur at the same time. EX: pick nos and hands in pocket Problem behavior---extinction Incompatible behavior----reinforcement Positive Reinforcement - ADDED (Presents) stimulus to environment Increases behavior above baseline Procedure Negative reinforcement - REMOVE/Prevent aversive stimulus Increases behavior above baseline Procedure Escape - Person TERMINATES negative reinforcer - already happening Avoidance - Someone PREVENTS a negative reinforcer - before it happens Extinction burst - Effect of Extinction Temporary increase in rate of extinguished behavior Four effects of Extinction - 1. Extinction Bursts 2. Extinction Induced Resurgence (Variability) 3. Variability of response/ Topography of behavior 4. Aggression Extinction Induced resurgence - Effect of Extinction The probability of previously reinforced behavior in the past to increase Extinction Induced Variability of Topography - Effect of Extinction Finding some other way (behavior) to make reinforcer happen - almost always happens first EX: Snapshots of rat Extinction induced Aggression - Effect of Extinction Do something (Behavior) and expect something back (Consequence) but get nothing (extinction), get ANGRY EX: Put money in vending machine, Chips= reinforcer, nothing comes out, start shaking and hitting vending machine Partial Reinforcement Effect (PRE) - - Behaviors reinforced EVERY TIME= RAPID extinction - Behaviors reinforced INTERMITTENTLY= SLOW extinction Four Guidelines for Extinction - 1. Identify the reinforcer that maintains behavior 2. Can you eliminate the reinforcer? No= can't use extinction 3. Is extinction safe to use? EX: self-injurious behavior 4. Can extinction burst be tolerated? "give in"?