COGSCI 115 FINAL EXAM
goals and focuses of CBT - ANS-✔✔- focus: changing maladaptive thinking
- goals: minimize negative and self-defeating thoughts, cultivate positive and goal-consistent thoughts
cognitive reappraisal of emotion - ANS-✔✔- identify and change the way situations, emotions, etc are
viewed in order to change their affective impact
- increases positive emotions, decreases negative emotions
- very very common in psychotherapy
reappraisal recruits _________ regions - ANS-✔✔prefrontal cortex (including dmPFC, dlPFC, vlPFC:
executive functions, cognitive elaboration), lateral temporal cortex (semantic and perceptual
representation), posterior parietal cortex (sustained attention), modulated emotional responding in the
amygdala
suggested way cognitive reappraisal works - ANS-✔✔changing the meaning we give to a stimulus -->
reduces amygdala activity --> potentially stressful stimuli less stressful
emotion regulation is modulated by interconnections of which areas? many of these connections play a
role in cognitive reappraisal - ANS-✔✔- orbitrofrontal cortex (OFC): evaluation of emotional salience,
selection of behaviors
- anterior cingulate cortex (ACC): emotional state interpretation, motivated behavior
- anterior insular cortex (AIC): conscious appraisal of bodily states to trigger emotion regulation
processes
- AMYGDALA
EEG studies about cognitive reappraisal found: - ANS-✔✔- reduction in magnitude of late positive
potential (LPP) was found in response to negative stimuli
,caveats to cognitive reappraisal - ANS-✔✔- may be maladaptive when stressors are controllable
(patients with controllable stress --> higher cognitive reappraisal ability was associated with greater
levels of depression)
- may be adaptive when stressors are uncontrollable (patients with uncontrollable stress --> higher
cognitive reappraisal ability was associated with lower levels of depression)
what is negative reappraisal? what is positive reappraisal? - ANS-✔✔- negative: decreasing negative
condition, "this situation is not as bad as it first seemed"
- positive: increasing positive condition, "they will be grateful that they had this experience"
fMRI results of positive vs negative reappraisal - ANS-✔✔- both shortened duration of responses in the
amygdala, insula, and superior temporal gyrus and lengthened responses in PFC regions
- only negative decreased intensity of amygdala activation
- intensity of activity in medial PFC (cog. control of emotion) only increased in positive
overall takeaways of positive vs negative reappraisal - ANS-✔✔- positive may involve more
engagement with the emotional stimulus / positive may require more active cognitive effort
traditional CBT uses your _____ to help guide your ________ - ANS-✔✔thoughts, emotions
newer variants of CBT uses your ______ to help guide your ______ - ANS-✔✔emotions, thoughts
_______ reappraisal led to greater increases in positive affect and smaller decreases in skin conductance
than ______ appraisal - ANS-✔✔positive, negative
study about technique of suppressing emotions revealed: - ANS-✔✔- experience and express less
positive emotion and greater negative emotion
- have worse interpersonal functioning
,- report lower overall levels of well-being
future gain reappraisal tactic - ANS-✔✔- one big factor in determining whether you see a situation as
stressful or as a challenge is your beliefs about the eventual outcome
- epitomizes what optimism is all about
breast cancer survivor study (future gain reappraisal tactic) - ANS-✔✔key factor that distinguished
survivors was the view that their lives had been altered for the better after developing the disease (2/3
of survivors reported this)
study on preschoolers first day of school - ANS-✔✔- outgoing, socially competent, well liked: showed
high activity in stress hormones on first day of school, decreased as year went on
- unhappy, socially isolated: low stress hormone levels on first day, increased throughout year
people have more peak experiences during (work or leisure time)? what does that suggest? - ANS-✔✔-
work! but they will say that they prefer leisure time
- suggests our association of effort with pain and leisure with pleasure is so deeply rooted that it distorts
our perception of the actual experience
- severely limits our potential for happiness if we cannot recognize our positive experiences
what is defensive pessimism? does it work? in what settings? - ANS-✔✔- some people use fear of
failure to motivate themselves
- can work in short run, but in long run is a recipe for burnout, low self esteem, and unhappiness
research showed that effectiveness of reappraisal ___________(increased/decreased) with age. activity
in the __________ also ___________ (increased/decreased) with age. - ANS-✔✔increased; prefrontal;
increased
, older individuals showed greater drops in ________(positive/negative) affect and greater decreases in
________-________(parts of brain) connectivity after reappraisal - ANS-✔✔negative, rostrolateral
prefrontal-amygdala
behavioral activation - ANS-✔✔one of the most effective and widely-used treatments for emotion
dysregulation
behavioral activation process for depression - ANS-✔✔- clients are asked to rate the degree of
pleasure/accomplishment they feel during specific activities
- asked to establish/maintain regular routines that encompass activities that have high scores
- often ones that provide pleasant experiences, social support, or experiences of mastery
Schwartz CBT technique treatment for OCD - ANS-✔✔- paying attention to the facts of a perception
without reacting to them
- learning to experience an OCD symptom without reacting emotionally
4 Rs of OCD CBT Treatment - ANS-✔✔- relabel: identify what's real and refuse to be misled by
obsessive thoughts
- reattribute: understand that those thoughts/urges are just false messages being sent from your brain
- refocus: turns your attention to more constructive behavior
- revalue: see these thoughts as the useless garbage that they are
OCD neural explanation - ANS-✔✔- hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal region (serves to identify when
something is amiss)
- caudate nucleus (execution of motor behavior with inputs from the orbitofrontal and amygdala)
- together form the "worry circuit"
- OCD is buzzing with activity
goals and focuses of CBT - ANS-✔✔- focus: changing maladaptive thinking
- goals: minimize negative and self-defeating thoughts, cultivate positive and goal-consistent thoughts
cognitive reappraisal of emotion - ANS-✔✔- identify and change the way situations, emotions, etc are
viewed in order to change their affective impact
- increases positive emotions, decreases negative emotions
- very very common in psychotherapy
reappraisal recruits _________ regions - ANS-✔✔prefrontal cortex (including dmPFC, dlPFC, vlPFC:
executive functions, cognitive elaboration), lateral temporal cortex (semantic and perceptual
representation), posterior parietal cortex (sustained attention), modulated emotional responding in the
amygdala
suggested way cognitive reappraisal works - ANS-✔✔changing the meaning we give to a stimulus -->
reduces amygdala activity --> potentially stressful stimuli less stressful
emotion regulation is modulated by interconnections of which areas? many of these connections play a
role in cognitive reappraisal - ANS-✔✔- orbitrofrontal cortex (OFC): evaluation of emotional salience,
selection of behaviors
- anterior cingulate cortex (ACC): emotional state interpretation, motivated behavior
- anterior insular cortex (AIC): conscious appraisal of bodily states to trigger emotion regulation
processes
- AMYGDALA
EEG studies about cognitive reappraisal found: - ANS-✔✔- reduction in magnitude of late positive
potential (LPP) was found in response to negative stimuli
,caveats to cognitive reappraisal - ANS-✔✔- may be maladaptive when stressors are controllable
(patients with controllable stress --> higher cognitive reappraisal ability was associated with greater
levels of depression)
- may be adaptive when stressors are uncontrollable (patients with uncontrollable stress --> higher
cognitive reappraisal ability was associated with lower levels of depression)
what is negative reappraisal? what is positive reappraisal? - ANS-✔✔- negative: decreasing negative
condition, "this situation is not as bad as it first seemed"
- positive: increasing positive condition, "they will be grateful that they had this experience"
fMRI results of positive vs negative reappraisal - ANS-✔✔- both shortened duration of responses in the
amygdala, insula, and superior temporal gyrus and lengthened responses in PFC regions
- only negative decreased intensity of amygdala activation
- intensity of activity in medial PFC (cog. control of emotion) only increased in positive
overall takeaways of positive vs negative reappraisal - ANS-✔✔- positive may involve more
engagement with the emotional stimulus / positive may require more active cognitive effort
traditional CBT uses your _____ to help guide your ________ - ANS-✔✔thoughts, emotions
newer variants of CBT uses your ______ to help guide your ______ - ANS-✔✔emotions, thoughts
_______ reappraisal led to greater increases in positive affect and smaller decreases in skin conductance
than ______ appraisal - ANS-✔✔positive, negative
study about technique of suppressing emotions revealed: - ANS-✔✔- experience and express less
positive emotion and greater negative emotion
- have worse interpersonal functioning
,- report lower overall levels of well-being
future gain reappraisal tactic - ANS-✔✔- one big factor in determining whether you see a situation as
stressful or as a challenge is your beliefs about the eventual outcome
- epitomizes what optimism is all about
breast cancer survivor study (future gain reappraisal tactic) - ANS-✔✔key factor that distinguished
survivors was the view that their lives had been altered for the better after developing the disease (2/3
of survivors reported this)
study on preschoolers first day of school - ANS-✔✔- outgoing, socially competent, well liked: showed
high activity in stress hormones on first day of school, decreased as year went on
- unhappy, socially isolated: low stress hormone levels on first day, increased throughout year
people have more peak experiences during (work or leisure time)? what does that suggest? - ANS-✔✔-
work! but they will say that they prefer leisure time
- suggests our association of effort with pain and leisure with pleasure is so deeply rooted that it distorts
our perception of the actual experience
- severely limits our potential for happiness if we cannot recognize our positive experiences
what is defensive pessimism? does it work? in what settings? - ANS-✔✔- some people use fear of
failure to motivate themselves
- can work in short run, but in long run is a recipe for burnout, low self esteem, and unhappiness
research showed that effectiveness of reappraisal ___________(increased/decreased) with age. activity
in the __________ also ___________ (increased/decreased) with age. - ANS-✔✔increased; prefrontal;
increased
, older individuals showed greater drops in ________(positive/negative) affect and greater decreases in
________-________(parts of brain) connectivity after reappraisal - ANS-✔✔negative, rostrolateral
prefrontal-amygdala
behavioral activation - ANS-✔✔one of the most effective and widely-used treatments for emotion
dysregulation
behavioral activation process for depression - ANS-✔✔- clients are asked to rate the degree of
pleasure/accomplishment they feel during specific activities
- asked to establish/maintain regular routines that encompass activities that have high scores
- often ones that provide pleasant experiences, social support, or experiences of mastery
Schwartz CBT technique treatment for OCD - ANS-✔✔- paying attention to the facts of a perception
without reacting to them
- learning to experience an OCD symptom without reacting emotionally
4 Rs of OCD CBT Treatment - ANS-✔✔- relabel: identify what's real and refuse to be misled by
obsessive thoughts
- reattribute: understand that those thoughts/urges are just false messages being sent from your brain
- refocus: turns your attention to more constructive behavior
- revalue: see these thoughts as the useless garbage that they are
OCD neural explanation - ANS-✔✔- hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal region (serves to identify when
something is amiss)
- caudate nucleus (execution of motor behavior with inputs from the orbitofrontal and amygdala)
- together form the "worry circuit"
- OCD is buzzing with activity
