NU 411 Exam 2 Practice Questions and Answers

NU 411 Exam 2 Practice Questions and Answers What are the 3 components of a pandemic? - Ans:-1. New or novel virus appears (humans lack immunity) 2. Virus elicits a severe disease in humans 3. Virus is easily transmitted to humans How many types of influenza are there, and which of these types are of interest to humans? - Ans:- There are 4 types, A and B concern humans Which type of influenza really poses a threat of a pandemic? - Ans:-Type A influenza What is a drift and shift when referring to the flu? - Ans:-Drift: *Minor mutations*, mutations on H and/or N antigens, reason for seasonal vaccinations Shift: *Major mutations*, result of recombination of genetic material; wild bird to human Antigenic ________ cause pandemics - Ans:-Shifts How many H and N subtypes are there? - Ans:-H: 16 ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/14 N: 9 What type of animal hosts almost every type of influenza? - Ans:-Poultry/fowl (pigs also but not as many as poultry) What is the history of the 2009 H1N1 Swine Flu? - Ans:-Pigs are a natural mixing vessel for viruses; a tripel reassortment virus with avian flu virus types, human H3N2 and classical swine lineages met with a Eurasian swine virus Who is most often "patient zero" is a pandemic (age and gender)? - Ans:-Typically young, curious boys (Ex age 10) Why were the elderly population not as affected by H1N1 than the younger population? - Ans:-1918 pandemic was also H1N1, some elderly already had immunity How do the seasons play into pandemic preparedness? - Ans:-*Seasonal flu does not occur in the summer, novel pandemics do*, need to be aware of what kinds of illnesses you would expect at what time of the year, and pay attention to outliers What was the age group targeted by the 2009 H1N1 pandemic? - Ans:-Young, 18-64 most affected, then 0-17. Elderly least affected What is Ebola's mortality rate and why is it not a more serious pandemic threat at this time? - Ans:- Mortality rate: 46% ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/14 "Burns hot", kills victims quickly and requires contact with bodily fluids to pass on disease, therefore not contagious enough to be a serious pandemic threat Why is ebola more prevalent in Africa than in the US? - Ans:-Funeral Rites in Africa require that families perform ablutions-- washing the entire body of the deceased including the mouth and anus... we do not do this in the US and therefore avoid the intimate contact with bodily fluids of the dead Define contagious - Ans:-Ability to be spread to someone else Define infectious - Ans:-Capable of giving an immune response in one's body What are the new current pandemic threats (not covid lollll)? - Ans:-H7N9: new avian influenza that has not jumped over to humans (?)... surveillance H1N2: not yet transmissible between people but keep "spilling out" and cropping up in people H5N1: Avian influenza, found in wild birds and spreading to cats, tigers, dogs etc, 53-58% mortality What are the biggest risk factors regarding pandemics? - Ans:-Birds natural hosts, pigs natural mixing vessels High mutating capability Dense populations of humans, birds, and pigs with close contact (especially in Asian countries) *Trafficking of infected birds and bird parts (legal or illegal)* ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/14 What was the age group affected most by the 1918 flu? - Ans:-<1, 25-34, >65 What is a cytokine storm? - Ans:-An overreaction of the immune system caused by a virus or bacteria that causes shock in the patient, and can cause death Describe the WHOs pandemic alert phases - Ans:-1-3: Predominantly animal infections, few human infections 4: Sustained (continual) human-to-human transmission 5-6: *Pandemic*, widespread human infec