Developmental psychopathology begrippenlijst
Statistical deviance: the relative infrequency of certain emotions,
cognitions, and/or behaviors.
sociocultural norms: the beliefs and expectations of certain groups of
people about what kinds of emotions, cognitions, and/or behaviors are
undesirable or unacceptable.
Mental health definitions: theoretical or clinically based notions of
distress and dysfunction
Adequate adaptation: has to do with what is considered okay,
acceptation, or good enough
Optimal adaptation: has to do with what is excellent, superior, or the
best of what is possible.
Developmental psychopathology: intense, frequent and/or persistent
maladaptive patterns of emotion, cognition and behavior that occur within
the context of typical development and result in current and potential
impairments in infants, children and adolescents.
Developmental epidemiology: frequencies and patterns of distributions
of disorders in infants, children and adolescents
Prevalence: all current cases of a type of disorder, proportion of a
population with a disorder
Incidence: new cases of a type of disorder in a given time period, that
rate at which new cases arise
Barriers to care: factors that impede access to mental health services,
including structural barriers, individual barriers and sociocultural barriers
such as stigma of psychopathology or mental illness.
Stigmatization: negative attitudes, emotions and behaviors related to
psychopathology and mental illness.
Dimensional models of psychopathology: models that emphasize the
ways in which typical feelings, thought, and behaviors gradually become
more serious problems, which then may intensify and become clinically
diagnosable disorders -> continuous or quantitative
Categorical models of psychopathology: models that emphasize
discrete and qualitative differences in individual patterns of emotion,
cognition and behavior. There are clear distinctions between what is
normal and what is not.
Physiological models: models of psychopathology that emphasize
biological processes, such as genes and neurological systems, as being at
the core of human experience.
Connectome: the system of neural pathways, often represented as a map
of the brain's neural connections
Sensitive (or critical) periods: spans of time when environments have
especially powerful and enduring impacts.
Neuroplasticity: the ability of the brain to flexibility respond to
physiological and environmental challenges and insults.
Genotype: the genetic makeup of an individual
Phenotype: the observable characteristics of an individual
Behavior genetics: the study of the joint effects of genes and
environments
,Molecular genetics: the study of how differences in the structure or
expression of dna molecules results in variations.
Gene-by-environment-by-time effects: the dynamic interplay among
genes, the environment, and time (sensitive periods) leading to
observable characteristics.
Gene-by-environment-by-time interactions: the interactive effect
between genetic, environmental, and time (or developmental) factors
including the effects of early adversity on genetic expression.
Psychodynamic models: psychological model that emphasize
unconscious cognitive, affective and motivational processes; mental
representations of self, others and relationships; the subjectivity of
experience; and a developmental perspective on individual adjustment
and maladjustment
Mentalizing: the capacity to understand others and oneself in terms of
internal mental stated
Behavioral models: psychological model that emphasize the individual's
observable behavior within a specific environment
Cognitive models: al psychological model that focuses on the
components and processes of the mind and mental development
Humanistic models: psychological model that emphasize personally
meaningful experiences, innate motivations for healthy growth, and the
child's purposeful creation of a self.
Family models: a model that emphasizes that the best way to
understand the personality and psychopathology of a particular child is to
understand the dynamics of a particular family.
Shared environment: the aspects of family life and function that are
shared by all children in the family
Nonshared environment: the aspects of family life and function that are
specific and distinct for each child
Sociocultural models: models that emphasize the importance of the
social context in the development, course and treatment of
psychopathology
Birth cohort: individuals born in a particular historical period who share
key experiences and events.
Delay: the child is slower in development compared to other children
Dysfunction: children behave in a way that results in their own or others'
distress or in a way that does not achieve a positive outcome
Process: Disorders are as series of problems over time, with small
problems leading to larger problems, or one problem leading to many
more problems
Developmental pathways: trajectories that reflect children's
adjustment, maladjustment or both in the context of growth and change
over a lifetime
Equifinality: sets of differing circumstances that lead to the same
diagnosis
Multifinality: sets of similar beginnings that lead to different outcomes
Coherence: reflects the logical and meaningful links between early
developmental variables and later outcomes
, Competence: reflects effective functioning related to relevant age-related
tasks and issues. Evaluations of competence are embedded in the
environment within which development occurs
Risk: increased vulnerability to disorder
Risk factors: the individual, family, and social characteristics that are
associated with increased vulnerability or risk
Resilience: adaptation despite adversity
Protective factors: the individual, family and social characteristics that
are associated with positive adaptation or resiliency
Promotive effects: the characteristics and experiences that support
positive development and adaptation for children and adolescents
regardless of risk level
Cross-sectional research: research that collects data at a single point in
time, with comparisons made among groups of participants
Longitudinal research: The ongoing collection of data from the same
group of participants, or the study of individuals over time
Developmental cascades: the cumulative consequences of interactions
and transactions that spread across domains over time
Translational research: research focused on the application of rigorous
empirical methodology to issues of applied clinical utility
Diagnosis: the method of assigning children to specific classification
categories
Classification: a system for describing the important categories, groups,
or dimensions of disorders
Categorical classification: a clinical classification approach based on
the identification of cooccurring symptoms reflecting distinct orders ->
DSM
Externalizing dimension: with under controlled behaviors such as
oppositional or aggressive behaviors that are often directed at others
Internalizing dimension: with overcontrolled behaviors such as anxiety
or social isolation that are often directed toward the self
Heterogeneity: involves the ways in which children with the same
disorder or diagnosis display unique sets of difficulties or symptoms
Comorbidity: the cooccurrence of who or more disorders in one individual
Transdiagnostic symptoms: symptoms underlying multiple disorders,
allowing for the broad application of treatments for those symptoms.
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): by focussing on underlying
dimensions relevant to the development of psychopathology, it provides
one alternative for considering the ways in which early maltreatment may
affect neurodevelopment and genetic expression.
Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): an empirically
based dimensional classification model of diagnostic classification of
psychopathology. HiTOP was developed as an alternative to traditional
categorical models of diagnostic classification.
Assessment: the systematic collection of relevant information to both
differentiate every day or transient difficulties from clinically significant
psychopathology and classify a child's particular disorders.
Differential diagnosis: the process of defining and distinguishing among
the signs and symptoms of both mutually exclusive categories of disorder
Statistical deviance: the relative infrequency of certain emotions,
cognitions, and/or behaviors.
sociocultural norms: the beliefs and expectations of certain groups of
people about what kinds of emotions, cognitions, and/or behaviors are
undesirable or unacceptable.
Mental health definitions: theoretical or clinically based notions of
distress and dysfunction
Adequate adaptation: has to do with what is considered okay,
acceptation, or good enough
Optimal adaptation: has to do with what is excellent, superior, or the
best of what is possible.
Developmental psychopathology: intense, frequent and/or persistent
maladaptive patterns of emotion, cognition and behavior that occur within
the context of typical development and result in current and potential
impairments in infants, children and adolescents.
Developmental epidemiology: frequencies and patterns of distributions
of disorders in infants, children and adolescents
Prevalence: all current cases of a type of disorder, proportion of a
population with a disorder
Incidence: new cases of a type of disorder in a given time period, that
rate at which new cases arise
Barriers to care: factors that impede access to mental health services,
including structural barriers, individual barriers and sociocultural barriers
such as stigma of psychopathology or mental illness.
Stigmatization: negative attitudes, emotions and behaviors related to
psychopathology and mental illness.
Dimensional models of psychopathology: models that emphasize the
ways in which typical feelings, thought, and behaviors gradually become
more serious problems, which then may intensify and become clinically
diagnosable disorders -> continuous or quantitative
Categorical models of psychopathology: models that emphasize
discrete and qualitative differences in individual patterns of emotion,
cognition and behavior. There are clear distinctions between what is
normal and what is not.
Physiological models: models of psychopathology that emphasize
biological processes, such as genes and neurological systems, as being at
the core of human experience.
Connectome: the system of neural pathways, often represented as a map
of the brain's neural connections
Sensitive (or critical) periods: spans of time when environments have
especially powerful and enduring impacts.
Neuroplasticity: the ability of the brain to flexibility respond to
physiological and environmental challenges and insults.
Genotype: the genetic makeup of an individual
Phenotype: the observable characteristics of an individual
Behavior genetics: the study of the joint effects of genes and
environments
,Molecular genetics: the study of how differences in the structure or
expression of dna molecules results in variations.
Gene-by-environment-by-time effects: the dynamic interplay among
genes, the environment, and time (sensitive periods) leading to
observable characteristics.
Gene-by-environment-by-time interactions: the interactive effect
between genetic, environmental, and time (or developmental) factors
including the effects of early adversity on genetic expression.
Psychodynamic models: psychological model that emphasize
unconscious cognitive, affective and motivational processes; mental
representations of self, others and relationships; the subjectivity of
experience; and a developmental perspective on individual adjustment
and maladjustment
Mentalizing: the capacity to understand others and oneself in terms of
internal mental stated
Behavioral models: psychological model that emphasize the individual's
observable behavior within a specific environment
Cognitive models: al psychological model that focuses on the
components and processes of the mind and mental development
Humanistic models: psychological model that emphasize personally
meaningful experiences, innate motivations for healthy growth, and the
child's purposeful creation of a self.
Family models: a model that emphasizes that the best way to
understand the personality and psychopathology of a particular child is to
understand the dynamics of a particular family.
Shared environment: the aspects of family life and function that are
shared by all children in the family
Nonshared environment: the aspects of family life and function that are
specific and distinct for each child
Sociocultural models: models that emphasize the importance of the
social context in the development, course and treatment of
psychopathology
Birth cohort: individuals born in a particular historical period who share
key experiences and events.
Delay: the child is slower in development compared to other children
Dysfunction: children behave in a way that results in their own or others'
distress or in a way that does not achieve a positive outcome
Process: Disorders are as series of problems over time, with small
problems leading to larger problems, or one problem leading to many
more problems
Developmental pathways: trajectories that reflect children's
adjustment, maladjustment or both in the context of growth and change
over a lifetime
Equifinality: sets of differing circumstances that lead to the same
diagnosis
Multifinality: sets of similar beginnings that lead to different outcomes
Coherence: reflects the logical and meaningful links between early
developmental variables and later outcomes
, Competence: reflects effective functioning related to relevant age-related
tasks and issues. Evaluations of competence are embedded in the
environment within which development occurs
Risk: increased vulnerability to disorder
Risk factors: the individual, family, and social characteristics that are
associated with increased vulnerability or risk
Resilience: adaptation despite adversity
Protective factors: the individual, family and social characteristics that
are associated with positive adaptation or resiliency
Promotive effects: the characteristics and experiences that support
positive development and adaptation for children and adolescents
regardless of risk level
Cross-sectional research: research that collects data at a single point in
time, with comparisons made among groups of participants
Longitudinal research: The ongoing collection of data from the same
group of participants, or the study of individuals over time
Developmental cascades: the cumulative consequences of interactions
and transactions that spread across domains over time
Translational research: research focused on the application of rigorous
empirical methodology to issues of applied clinical utility
Diagnosis: the method of assigning children to specific classification
categories
Classification: a system for describing the important categories, groups,
or dimensions of disorders
Categorical classification: a clinical classification approach based on
the identification of cooccurring symptoms reflecting distinct orders ->
DSM
Externalizing dimension: with under controlled behaviors such as
oppositional or aggressive behaviors that are often directed at others
Internalizing dimension: with overcontrolled behaviors such as anxiety
or social isolation that are often directed toward the self
Heterogeneity: involves the ways in which children with the same
disorder or diagnosis display unique sets of difficulties or symptoms
Comorbidity: the cooccurrence of who or more disorders in one individual
Transdiagnostic symptoms: symptoms underlying multiple disorders,
allowing for the broad application of treatments for those symptoms.
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): by focussing on underlying
dimensions relevant to the development of psychopathology, it provides
one alternative for considering the ways in which early maltreatment may
affect neurodevelopment and genetic expression.
Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): an empirically
based dimensional classification model of diagnostic classification of
psychopathology. HiTOP was developed as an alternative to traditional
categorical models of diagnostic classification.
Assessment: the systematic collection of relevant information to both
differentiate every day or transient difficulties from clinically significant
psychopathology and classify a child's particular disorders.
Differential diagnosis: the process of defining and distinguishing among
the signs and symptoms of both mutually exclusive categories of disorder
