NUR 152 Exam 3 Questions And 100% Correct
Answers
What is systole? - ANS Contraction of the myocardium resulting in ejection of blood from
the ventricles
What is diastole? - ANS Relaxation of the myocardium allowing filling of the ventricles
What is stroke volume? - ANS Volume ejected from the ventricle with each heart beat
(Approx 70mL)
What is cardiac output? - ANS Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute
What is the equation to calculate cardiac output? - ANSWER CO = SV x HR
What system regulates heart rate? - ANSWER autonomic nervous system-
parasympathetic vs. sympathetic
What are determinants of stroke volume? - ANSWER Preload
Contractibility
Afterload
What is preload? - ANSWER volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
before the next contraction
How does increased contractibility affect the stroke volume? - ANSWER increasing
raises the SV by increasing vascular emptying
,What is afterload? - ANSWER the peripheral resistance against which the left ventricle
must pump
What happens in result of increased preload and/or afterload? - ANSWER increased
workload of the myocardium, resulting in increased O2 demand
Hypertension and vasoconstriction increases or decreases afterload? - ANSWER
Increases
Hypervolemia and cardiac valve regurgitation increases or decreases preload? -
ANWER Increases
What is ejection fraction? - ANSWER % of blood volume at the end of diastole ejected
during systole
What is normal ejection fraction range? - ANSWER 55-70%
At what range does ejection fraction indicate heart failure? - ANSWER less than 40%
What is blood pressure? - ANSWER measure of force of blood against artery walls
What is systolic blood pressure? - ANSWER peak pressure exerted when heart
contracts
What is diastolic blood pressure? - ANSWER residual pressure in arterial system during
ventricular relaxation, or filling
What is systemic vascular resistance? - ANSWER (SVR): force opposing the movement
of blood
,What may systemic vascular resistance and CO affect? - ANSWER Blood pressure
Which systems are involved in regulating blood pressure? - ANSWER
Nervous/cardiovascular/renal/endocrine functions
Which ST mechanisms regulate BP? - ANSWER SNS & vascular endothelium
Which LT mechanisms regulate BP? - ANSWER Renal and hormonal processes
Define heart failure. - ANSWER Inability of the failing heart to maintain sufficient CO to
support body functions and the recruitment of compensatory mechanisms designed to
maintain the cardiac reserve. Either right or left sided
Name a few causes of heart failure. - ANS Hypertension, Coronary Artery Disease,
myocardial infarction
Name a few cardiotoxins. - ANS Caffeine, ETOH, crystal meth, nicotine
What is systolic heart failure caused by? - ANS impaired contractile function (MI),
increased afterload (HTN), cardiomyopathy, and mechanical abnormalities (ie valvular
heart disease)
What is the hallmark of systolic heartfailure? - ANS decreased ejection fraction (<45%)
Which ventricle or atrium is malfunctions during systolic heart failure and how so? -
ANSWER The Left Ventricle loses ability to generate enough pressure to eject blood
forward through the aorta
What is diastolic heart failure? - ANSWER Inability of ventricle to relax and fill during
diastole
, What does happens in result of diastolic heart failure? - ANSWER Decreased stroke
volume and CO.
What is the most common cause for diastolic heart failure? - ANSWER Hypertension
What are four cardiac compensatory mechanisms? - ANSWER Sympathetic nervous
system
Neurohormonal Response
Dilation
Hypertrophy
What are two hormones involved during neurohormonal response? - ANSWER Renin
ADH
What are several signs and symptoms of left sided heart failure? - ANSWER Paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea
Elevated pulmonary capillary wedge
Pulmonary congestion
Restlessness
Confusion
Orthopnea
Tachycardia
Exertional dyspnea
Fatigue
Cyanosis
What are several signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure? - ANSWER Fatigue
Answers
What is systole? - ANS Contraction of the myocardium resulting in ejection of blood from
the ventricles
What is diastole? - ANS Relaxation of the myocardium allowing filling of the ventricles
What is stroke volume? - ANS Volume ejected from the ventricle with each heart beat
(Approx 70mL)
What is cardiac output? - ANS Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute
What is the equation to calculate cardiac output? - ANSWER CO = SV x HR
What system regulates heart rate? - ANSWER autonomic nervous system-
parasympathetic vs. sympathetic
What are determinants of stroke volume? - ANSWER Preload
Contractibility
Afterload
What is preload? - ANSWER volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
before the next contraction
How does increased contractibility affect the stroke volume? - ANSWER increasing
raises the SV by increasing vascular emptying
,What is afterload? - ANSWER the peripheral resistance against which the left ventricle
must pump
What happens in result of increased preload and/or afterload? - ANSWER increased
workload of the myocardium, resulting in increased O2 demand
Hypertension and vasoconstriction increases or decreases afterload? - ANSWER
Increases
Hypervolemia and cardiac valve regurgitation increases or decreases preload? -
ANWER Increases
What is ejection fraction? - ANSWER % of blood volume at the end of diastole ejected
during systole
What is normal ejection fraction range? - ANSWER 55-70%
At what range does ejection fraction indicate heart failure? - ANSWER less than 40%
What is blood pressure? - ANSWER measure of force of blood against artery walls
What is systolic blood pressure? - ANSWER peak pressure exerted when heart
contracts
What is diastolic blood pressure? - ANSWER residual pressure in arterial system during
ventricular relaxation, or filling
What is systemic vascular resistance? - ANSWER (SVR): force opposing the movement
of blood
,What may systemic vascular resistance and CO affect? - ANSWER Blood pressure
Which systems are involved in regulating blood pressure? - ANSWER
Nervous/cardiovascular/renal/endocrine functions
Which ST mechanisms regulate BP? - ANSWER SNS & vascular endothelium
Which LT mechanisms regulate BP? - ANSWER Renal and hormonal processes
Define heart failure. - ANSWER Inability of the failing heart to maintain sufficient CO to
support body functions and the recruitment of compensatory mechanisms designed to
maintain the cardiac reserve. Either right or left sided
Name a few causes of heart failure. - ANS Hypertension, Coronary Artery Disease,
myocardial infarction
Name a few cardiotoxins. - ANS Caffeine, ETOH, crystal meth, nicotine
What is systolic heart failure caused by? - ANS impaired contractile function (MI),
increased afterload (HTN), cardiomyopathy, and mechanical abnormalities (ie valvular
heart disease)
What is the hallmark of systolic heartfailure? - ANS decreased ejection fraction (<45%)
Which ventricle or atrium is malfunctions during systolic heart failure and how so? -
ANSWER The Left Ventricle loses ability to generate enough pressure to eject blood
forward through the aorta
What is diastolic heart failure? - ANSWER Inability of ventricle to relax and fill during
diastole
, What does happens in result of diastolic heart failure? - ANSWER Decreased stroke
volume and CO.
What is the most common cause for diastolic heart failure? - ANSWER Hypertension
What are four cardiac compensatory mechanisms? - ANSWER Sympathetic nervous
system
Neurohormonal Response
Dilation
Hypertrophy
What are two hormones involved during neurohormonal response? - ANSWER Renin
ADH
What are several signs and symptoms of left sided heart failure? - ANSWER Paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea
Elevated pulmonary capillary wedge
Pulmonary congestion
Restlessness
Confusion
Orthopnea
Tachycardia
Exertional dyspnea
Fatigue
Cyanosis
What are several signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure? - ANSWER Fatigue
