ISSA Corrective Exercise All Possible Questions and Answers 2024/2025

ISSA Corrective Exercise All Possible Questions and Answers 2024/2025 How many bones are in the human body? 206 The rib cage is part of which skeleton? Axial Skeleton How many vertebrae within the vertebral column can move independently? 24 Movement between two adjacent vertebrae is made possible by what? Facet Joints Wolff's law describes what? The way bones can grow or shrink New bone material is formed by what? Osteoblasts The strong connective tissue on the bottom of each foot is the: Plantar Aponeurosis During the lowering phase of a biceps curl, the elbow flexors are performing which type of muscle action? Eccentric action According to Thomas Myers, how many categories of fascial lines are in the human body? Seven What are two types of sensory feedback that fascia can provide? Proprioception and pain Which of the following is not a function of skeletal muscle? Recruitment actions An eccentric muscle action occurs when? The pulling force of a muscle is less than the resistance force The primary roles of skeletal muscle are to? Contract and apply force to bones From the anatomical position, muscle origin is the position? Closest to the head What is the largest muscle in the human body? Gluteus maximus Which of the following is closest to the estimated number of muscles in the human body? 650 Skeletal muscle is a contractile tissue responsible for? Voluntary actions and reflex actions Skeletal muscle attaches to bone through a? Tendon What is the primary connective tissue that forms a tendon? Type 1 collagen Each bundle of skeletal muscle fibers, covered by a perimysium, is called a? Fascicle During a biceps curl, the biceps brachii and brachialis muscle act as? Synergists What is the primary function of a Golgi Tendon Organ Detect changes in muscle tension Which of the following is not a function required for the coordination of movement? Motivation What two types of cells make up the nervous system? Neurons and Glia What is the "transmitter" portion of a neuron that relays a signal? Axon What is the "integrator" part of a neuron that determines if there's enough information to create an action potential? Cell Body What is the name of the area, typically between two neurons or a neuron and gland, where electrical or chemical signals are transmitted? Synapse Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for producing voluntary movements? Somatic Nervous System What structural component of white matter gives it a whitish appearance? Myelin Where does the spinal cord end? L1-L2 Which type of nerve only carries information away from the spinal cord to innervate muscle? Motor Nerve How many pairs of spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord? 31 What is the name of the cluster of cell bodies, from lower motor neurons, that are contained within the spinal cord? Motor Neuron Pool Sensory information is carried within: Ascending tracts What is the primary function of interneurons during movement? Integrate lower motor neuron activity Descending tracts originate from what two areas of the brain? Motor cortex and brainstem When a muscle is quickly stretched, which of the following receptors is activated? Golgi tendon Organ The brain's ability to change its structure and function is known as: Neuroplasticity Which of the following is not a function of the basal ganglia? Inhibit lower motor neurons An important component of sleep is to: Allow CSF to flush out waste Which of the following is not a function of the cerebellum? Directly control lower motor neurons. The reference point for all locations within the human body is known as the Anatomical Position Which term describes a position that's toward the top of the head? Cranial Which term describes a position that's close to the trunk? Proximal Which plane divides the body into left and right segments and is associated with flexion and extension movements? Sagittal Hip abduction and adduction occur in which plane? Frontal Throwing a baseball is which type of motion? Multiplanar The movement of a limb in a specific direction is referred to as its: Direction of rotation When lifting free weights, the direction of resistance is always: Straight down to the earth When using a cable or exercise band, the direction of resistance is always: In the direction, the cable or band is pulling Which of the following movements is not associated with the cervical spine? Horizontal adduction How many different movements can the shoulder girdle perform? 14 What is the primary disadvantage of the bony structures that form the glenohumeral joint? It is inherently unstable. Which of the following is not an external rotator of the glenohumeral joint? Latissimus dorsi How many primary movements can the scapulothoracic region perform? 6 Which of the following muscles does not elevate the scapula? Latissimus dorsi Which action(s) can the gluteus maximus perform? All of the above Which is the largest joint in the human body? Knee Which of the following muscles does not extend the knee? Semitendinosus How many joint(s) from the elbow region? 3 What type of motion is foot pronation? Triplanar What is required for the human body to maintain balance? The center of mass remains over the base of support Which of the following is not a way the body maintains its sense of balance? Sensory feedback from the auditory system The vestibular system, from the inner ear, sends its information to what region of the brain to maintain the body's sense of balance? Brainstem During closed-loop motor control, sensory feedback is first sent to which brain structures? Cerebellum and sensory cortex The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken based on the activity they receive is known as: Synaptic plasticity What are the primary functions of the cerebellum for maintaining a person's sense of balance? Control of posture and gait The brain receives sensory information from which of the following two structures that are contained within muscles and tendons? Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs Why does closed-loop motor control take longer to move open-loop motor control? Closed-loop motor control requires sensory feedback How is synaptic strength at the neuromuscular junction enhanced? The motor neuron releases more acetylcholine, More receptors are added to the neuromuscular junction. What is the nervous system component that directly activates skeletal muscle? Lower motor neurons What is open-loop motor control? The execution of a motor program Which of the following is not a function of the sensory cortex during movement? Directly increases muscle tension Motor learning is a process that: Changes areas of the motor cortex and strengthens synapses Which term describes a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength? Long-term potentiation The center of mass is also known as what? Center of gravity Which area of the brain receives input from the visual system? Cortex Which term describes how a movement is automatically produced by the brain? Motor program Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction? Acetylcholine Which of the following best describes the neuromuscular junction? The space between a lower motor neuron and muscle The feeling of being stable is known as: Sense of balance The sense of body orientation and self-motion is controlled by which system? Visual system How many systems work together to maintain a person's sense of balance? 3 The movement pattern developed through practice is known as a: Motor program Which of the following best describes how motor learning is possible? The brain and synapses can adapt to the input they receive What is the primary function of Golgi tendon organs? Sense changes in muscle tension During closed-loop motor control, which structure does not send information to the cerebellum? Brainstem What is the primary function of muscle spindles? Sense changes in muscle length When a person frequently practices a movement, the area of the motor cortex devoted to that movement will: Enlarge A meaningful movement is known as: A movement that's essential to a person's life or sport What is the maximum number of weeks that a client should be cleared for exercise by a physician before working with you? 8 Your client recently had a fever, and night sweats, and feels more fatigued than normal. What should you do? Tell the client to see his/her physician before your next training session Which client should fill out the 2015 PAR-Q+ before training with you? All of the Above Which of the following professionals is not trained to work with people who have medical pain? Certified Personal Trainer What is the type of pain that's caused by a lack of strength, mobility, or motor control? Movement pain What are the two benefits of referring a client who has a potential medical problem? You'll build trust with the client and build your professional reputation If a client experiences new pain during a workout, but you're pretty certain it's not a medical problem, what should you do if you're a personal trainer? Refer to a medical professional. A female client with knee discomfort hires you so she can return to hiking. What type of goal is she seeking? Outcome goal It's important to know your client's outcome goal because it: Drives the client's behavior Which type of goal should be measurable, specific, and realistic? Performance goal It's important to discuss a performance goal before the initial performance assessment in case you need to: Influence your client's expectations of what's realistic The Pain Intensity Measurement (PIM) scale is an example of what type of measure? Outcome measure Reducing a client's pain from 6/10 to 2/10 during an exercise is what type of goal? Performance goal Discomfort in a joint that lasts three months is what type of pain? Chronic pain What is the type of pain that lasts for a few days or a few weeks? Acute train Changes to soft tissue and motor programs typically take how long to accomplish? Months What is the final step when preparing for the first corrective exercise training session with a client? Gather quantifiable functional data The type of information that can be measured or counted is known as Quantifiable data What does it mean when an outcome measure is reliable? It is useful in a variety of populations What does it mean when an outcome measure is valid It meets the standards of the scientific method A score of 80 on the LEFS or UEFI indicates what The client has no movement restrictions What purpose(s) do the LEFS and UEFI serve? They inform you of the client's movement restrictions before your first session; They serve as a way to measure progress When the score of the LEFS or UEFI changes enough for the client to notice a difference it's known as the: Minimum detectable change How often should your client fill out the LEFS or UEFI? Every 4 weeks If a client has knee discomfort when climbing stairs, what would be an appropriate exercise to analyze during your first training session that mimics the same movement pattern? Step Up Everything you do during a corrective exercise session should be linked to your client's: Outcome goal What is the type of pain that requires intervention from a healthcare professional? Medical pain Which of the following is not part of creating a meaningful experience for your clients during each corrective exercise session? Making sure the workout doesn't change regardless of what the client says The correct combination of motivation, feedback, and capacity is known as the Just right challenge The amount of motivation you give a client should depend on his/her: Personality What are the three components that make up the ABCs of motivation Autonomy, belonging, competence When a client feels a sense of control and independence it's known as: Autonomy The need to feel accepted and connected with others is known as: Belonging Your client Sarah is a foodie and frequently goes to restaurants. If you ask her for advice on which restaurant to take your significant other, you're helping to build her feeling of Autonomy Setting small, attainable goals in each corrective exercise session helps build your client's sense of Competence It's important to avoid frustrating a client to keep him/her feeling. Motivated The need to feel capable of doing something successfully is known as Competence The type of feedback you give can have a significant impact on the client's: Motor Learning Instructing a client to "squeeze the glutes" at the top of a deadlift is what type of cue? Internal Instructing a client to "smash the bottom of your shoes into the floor" at the top of a squat to promote hip extension is what type of cue? External Research demonstrates that giving your clients an external focus during an exercise is most effective for enhancing which type of movement? Complex Placing a mini-band around a client's lower thighs during a squat helps her achieve what type of focus? External focus When a client is attempting to learn a new movement and is struggling with the correct technique, what is the ideal strategy? Let the client perform a few faulty reps with a light load Research demonstrates that giving your client an external focus during complex movements helps improve: Motor learning and performance Giving your client feedback immediately after a set is known as: Knowledge of results The number of sets and reps a client should perform when learning a new movement is: Determined on a case-by-case basis Frequently choosing exercises that are beyond a client's capacity will often: Impair motor learning An exercise that requires movement at only one joint is known as an: Isolation exercise When a client has trouble performing a multi-joint exercise correctly, what should you do first? Try and correct the multi-joint exercise What is the primary benefit of an isolation exercise? It can improve the client's mind-muscle link When selecting an exercise for a client, it should be: At the edge of his/her functional capacity; A multi-joint exercise, whenever possible When a client learns to do an exercise correctly, the first progression should be to: Increase the load The number of sets you should have a client perform for a specific exercise should increase as long as his/her movement quality: Continues to increase To promote motor learning, what is the recommended way to approach sets and reps for the client More sets of fewer reps When should a client take more rest between sets? When the exercise is challenging; When he/she has poor cardiovascular endurance What are the two primary goals of a corrective exercise program? Restore a client's functional capacity and eliminate pain during any movement. What is the primary purpose of performing a movement analysis? To determine if there's a problem with the way your client performs an exercise Why is it important for your clients to avoid poor lifting forms? It impairs the fitness-building effect of the exercise, It increases the risk of injury. What is the first step of a movement analysis? Divide the exercise into concentric and eccentric phases Which movement plane(s) should be the focus during a movement analysis? All of them The actions that are necessary to perform an exercise correctly are known as: Critical events How do you know if an exercise is being performed correctly? All of the critical events are met; There are no additional movements beyond the critical events. What is the first question you should answer before watching your client perform an exercise for the first time? What do I expect to see? Elbow flexion during the concentric phase of a biceps curl is an example of a: Critical event How many reps of an exercise should your client perform during a movement analysis? As many reps as necessary to consider all planes of movement To answer the question "What did I see?" during a movement analysis, you should: Consider if the critical events were met An elbow flare during a biceps curl is known as a: Compensation The process of writing down all the important things you see during a movement analysis is known as: Documentation What is the most common reason why people can't perform a single-joint exercise correctly, assuming the load is light? Poor motor control Your client's right elbow flares during the concentric phase of a biceps curl. Which of the following provides an external focus for your client to correct the problem? Instruct the client to "smash his shirt" with his right elbow during the curl. Which of the following is an objective of arm elevation? All of the above Cueing a client to push the dumbbell closer to the ceiling during an overhead press helps her achieve what type of focus? External focus The first 30° of arm elevation requires how many degrees of upward rotation from the scapula? None of the above Which of the following is not a critical event for the concentric phase of a one-arm shoulder press? 8° of lateral trunk flexion What is the primary side effect of the open scissors syndrome? It decreases intra-abdominal pressure Which of the following is not a quality of a functional exercise? Requires movement at only one joint When a guy is doing a heavy dumbbell shoulder press with his right arm, why is it common to see him lean his trunk to the left? To put the shoulder in a stronger, more stable position Why is the scapulothoracic region not considered a functional joint? Because it lacks ligamentous connections Poor posture can impair which of the following actions? All of the above How many degrees of freedom does the glenohumeral joint have? 3 For many non-athlete clients, what is the deepest squat required for work or home? A depth to the height of a standard chair, approximately 17" The reason(s) why a tall athlete commonly has more problems performing a full squat is/are due to: Proportionally long femurs; deep hip sockets Which of the following can impair a person's squat depth? The stiff hip joint capsule Hip dysplasia can lead to which of the following? All of the above When should you measure the knee flexion angle that's necessary to stand from a chair? At the moment when the client's hips are about to elevate from the chair At the bottom of a squat, posterior pelvic tilt pairs with what action of the lumbar spine? Flexion The quadruped rock back test is used to determine: The client's minimum stance width during a squat Why is it recommended to have your client perform a goblet squat without shoes during a movement analysis? To observe any possible compensations at the feet/ankles What negative effect(s) are related to performing a squat when using a knee strategy? Weakness of the hip extensors; Excessive stress on the knee joints Which of the following is a problem associated with a loss of lumbopelvic control during a squat or deadlift? It reduces spinal stability Why do most people have poor motor control within their feet? Because they don't consistently perform fine-motor tasks with their feet When the feet overly pronate, what compensatory actions occur at the hips? Adduction/internal rotation What is the minimum amount of dorsiflexion the ankles should be able to achieve during a squat? 20 Which of the following regions is poor motor control least likely to be a problem during a squat or deadlift? Knee When a client lacks dorsiflexion, what compensation occurs at the trunk during a squat? It shifts excessively forward Which two body regions does the diaphragm separate? Thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity What benefit(s) does diaphragmatic breathing provide? All of the above When a client is a diaphragmatic breather, which area of the trunk expands most during inhalation? Abdominal region Which type of posture should your client demonstrate proper diaphragmatic breathing in before he/she performs any exercise? Standing/walking Why should your client be able to bear down correctly before performing an exercise? Because it increases trunk stability A properly functioning pelvis is important for which of the following? Virtually any task When the hamstrings are stiff/short, what compensation occurs at the pelvis? Posterior pelvic tilt Why does activation of the lats increase spinal stability and abdominal activation? Because they insert into the thoracolumbar fascia in the lower back What is the purpose of using markers/pens to provide tactile feedback from the arches during the postural stability hold? To facilitate activation of the muscles that maintain a proper arch How can you quickly determine if your client is a "chest breather?" During deep inhalation, the chest expands and the abdomen pulls inward How can you visually determine if a client can bear down correctly? The low back region will move an equal distance laterally Which of the following indicates that the trunk stability roll is being performed incorrectly? The trunk will rotate before the pelvis. Which of the following is a benefit of activating the hips' external rotators and abductors? Decreased tension in the IT band Which joint within the shoulder complex attaches directly to the ribcage? Sternoclavicular Why is it important for the sacroiliac (SI) joints to be strong and stable? Because high forces transfer through the SI joints during many movements Which test has research demonstrated is the best to assess the normal function of the shoulder complex? There's no best test for the shoulder complex. Which of the following could be the cause of poor mobility in the active straight leg raise assessment? Stiffness of the IT band Which of the following situations is stretching, foam rolling, and soft tissue interventions most appropriate? After an injury when the tissues have been damaged When the nervous system creates excess tension in a muscle to guard against further damage it's known as: Protective tension Optimal movement requires: A balance of mobility and stability When your client performs a squat on an unstable surface that's new to him/her, how does it affect his/her squat depth? Decreases depth Stiffness in an undamaged muscle is often due to: Poor stability at an adjacent joint Which of the following muscles plays a key role in keeping the knees directly above the feet, and avoiding knee valgus, while running, jumping, or squatting? Gluteus medius When the gluteus medius is weak, which muscle typically gets strained or injured? Tensor fascia latae (TFL) An overly pronated foot is due to poor activation of which muscle? Posterior tibialis Why is it beneficial to perform corrective exercises that target many additional muscle groups? So the client will get a challenging workout while correcting imbalances Which of the following is typically not an underactive muscle within the trunk? Psoas Which of the following hip muscles are typically weak/underactive in people of all ages? Abductors What is the primary benefit of increasing stability within the trunk and pelvis? Increased mobility in the hips and shoulders If a client lacks mobility in the right shoulder, which muscles should you activate first, given that proximal stability creates distal mobility? Muscles within the trunk and pelvis Why is a mini-band placed above the knees during the modified side plank? To activate the hips' external rotators/abductors of the top leg What problem occurs when a client's weight shifts toward the toes during a lateral step with a mini-band? Glute activation decreases How should you instruct your client to step during the monster walk? Take short steps, and land with a flat foot. Which of the following is a common compensation you'll see during the wall elbow walk? An elevated ribcage Which of the following is a cause of scapular winging? Poor eccentric control of the scapulothoracic region If your client has a wrist injury, how should you modify the downward dog exercise? Perform it with the elbows resting on the ground instead of the palms To what position should the arms be lifted during the Y raise on a Swiss ball? 10 and 2 o'clock What is the most common compensation seen during the sphinx with reach drill? Shoulder shrug on the side of the supporting arm What is the primary purpose of the scapular activation drill? To increase motor control of the scapulothoracic region If the client has shoulder pain at 140° of shoulder flexion, at which angle should he hold his arm during the scapular activation drill? Just short of 140°, without pain If your client's feet roll excessively outward during a squat with mini-band, which of the following cues should you use to correct it? Maintain ground contact with the base of each big toe What is the purpose of having your client in the hip hinge posture during a lateral step or monster walk? To give the glutes a more effective line of pull The upper body compensations, identified by Janda, that occur from a forward-head, slumped posture are known as the: Upper-crossed syndrome What is the purpose of having your client perform a chin tuck or "double chin?" Activate/strengthen the deep neck flexors; Increase mobility of the suboccipital muscles. What is the normal range of cervical rotation to each side? 80 When your client turns his/her head to the right, what is occurring in the left cervical facet joints? Upglide To stretch the left upper trapezius, where should your client's left hand be placed? Behind the low back During the pectoralis major length assessment, your client can completely rest his elbows, wrist, and posterior hands on the floor. However, he feels stretch tension in his right pectoralis major while in the assessment position. What does this indicate about the right pectorals? Stiffness/shortening that should be corrected During the t-spine foam roll corrective, why should the client's arms be crossed at his chest? To expose the upper back muscles to the foam roller During the quadruped t-spine rotation, what muscle is being engaged in the shoulder of the arm that's resting on the floor? Serratus anterior During the early stages of the ball wall push with hip hinge corrective, why is a large Swiss ball used as the contact point? Because it requires less shoulder stability than a smaller ball Which of the following muscles is not targeted during the posterior shoulder ball roll? Supraspinatus Anterior pelvic tilt is generally defined as which of the following? 5° of anterior tilt for males, and 10° for females The lower-crossed syndrome, described by Janda, is associated with weakness/inhibition of which two muscle groups? Glutes and abdominals For a client with excessive anterior pelvic tilt, which phase of the cat-camel movement should be emphasized? The "cat" position since it encourages posterior pelvic tilt Which of the following compensations is not identified during the modified Thomas Test? Shortening of the hamstrings What is a common problem people make while performing the quadriceps foam roll drill? They contract their quadriceps. Which of the following is a reason why the rear foot is elevated during the hip flexors contract-relax stretch? Increased stretch of the rectus femoris The right tensor fascia lata (TFL) often becomes overactive and stiff due to weakness of which muscle? Right gluteus medius Your client performs a single-leg hip thrust for the first time. Which muscle commonly cramps when the exercise is new to the person? Hamstrings What is the purpose of instructing your client to place her right fingertips against her right glute during the right-legged hip thrust? What is the purpose of instructing your client to place her right fingertips against her right glute during the right-legged hip thrust? When assessing the big toe, a client would need to stretch the toe if he/she has less than _____ degrees of range of motion. 70 Which of the following compensations, observed during a postural assessment, is most likely to benefit from hamstring stretches? Posterior pelvic tilt When assessing ankle dorsiflexion, correctives should be recommended when a client has less than _____ degrees of range of motion. 20 During which stage of an overuse injury does a client experience pain during physical activity without restricting his/her performance? Stage 2