NUR 231-Final Exam Questions And Answers
Types of cellular healing - ANSWER 1. resolution
2. regeneration
3. replacement
Resolution cellular healing is what? - ANSWER minimal tissue damage
Quick resolution of injury
Ex: abrasion on the knee
Regeneration cellular healing is what? - ANSWER tissue is regenerated by new cells.
This only occurs if cells are able to regenerate.
Ex: liver
Replacement cellular healing is what? - ANSWER original cells cannot regenerate. The
result normal cells are replaced by another type of cell.
What type of cells usually replace normal cells in replacement healing? - ANSWER
connective/scar
What can result from replacement healing? - ANSWER decreased function
What are the two healing processes - ANSWER 1. First intention (sutured)
2. Second intention (open healing)
What is the first intention healing process? - ANS 1. injury and inflammation (suture
holds edges together
,2. granulation tissue and epithelial growth
3. small scar remainsuses fibroblast
What is the second intention healing process? - ANS 1. injury and inflammation (no
suture- open edges)
2. granulation tissue and epithelial growth
3. large scar remains-due to increased fibrinous and scar tissue
Factors that promote healing - ANS youth
good nutrition: protein, Vit A&C
adequate Hemoglobin
Effective Circulation
Clean, undisturbed wound
factors that delay healing - ANSWER advanced age (reduced mitosis)
Poor nutrition
Dehydration
Anemia
Circ. problems
irritation
Infection
Prolonged use of glucocorticoids
complications of healing - ANSWER loss of function
contracture/obstruction
adhesions
Keloids
,Ulcerations
Metaplasia
what is a Keloid - ANSWER an abnormal response to scar formation (big puffy scar)
steps of the inflammatory response - ANSWER 1. damaged tissues release histamines
increasing blood flow to the area
2. histamines cause capillaries to leak, releasing phagocytes and clotting factors into
wound
3. phagocytes engulf bacteria, dead cells and cellular debris
4. platelets move out of the capillary to seal the wounded area;
Non-specific defenses - ANSWER 1. fluids (tears, saliva, mucus, gastric)
2. barriers (skin and membranes)
3. Phagocytosis
Specific defenses - ANSWER 1. Humoral
2. Cell mediated
Granulocytes - ANSWER neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
What is a neutrophil ANSWER most abundant phagocyte (70-75%)
- usually increased to show bacterial infection (left shift)
What is a basophil ANSWER histamine releasing phagocyte
, What is an Eosinophils ANSWER phagocytes released in
-Type I allergic
Histamine release
What is the agranulocytes ANSWER B-Cells
T-Cells
Monocyte-Macrophage
What cells are involved with specific immunity ANSWER B & T cells
Which cell is humoral immunity ANSWER B cell
Cell mediated immunity is which cell -
ANSWER T cell
what are monocytes -
ANSWER they sound alarm
-present in the lymph node to specific immunity system and become AG presenting cells
then the B cells pump out AB
When do monocytes become macrophages -
ANSWER diapedesis into the tissue
Local effects of Inflammation -
ANSWER redness (Rubor)
Warmth (calor)
Swelling/Edema
Types of cellular healing - ANSWER 1. resolution
2. regeneration
3. replacement
Resolution cellular healing is what? - ANSWER minimal tissue damage
Quick resolution of injury
Ex: abrasion on the knee
Regeneration cellular healing is what? - ANSWER tissue is regenerated by new cells.
This only occurs if cells are able to regenerate.
Ex: liver
Replacement cellular healing is what? - ANSWER original cells cannot regenerate. The
result normal cells are replaced by another type of cell.
What type of cells usually replace normal cells in replacement healing? - ANSWER
connective/scar
What can result from replacement healing? - ANSWER decreased function
What are the two healing processes - ANSWER 1. First intention (sutured)
2. Second intention (open healing)
What is the first intention healing process? - ANS 1. injury and inflammation (suture
holds edges together
,2. granulation tissue and epithelial growth
3. small scar remainsuses fibroblast
What is the second intention healing process? - ANS 1. injury and inflammation (no
suture- open edges)
2. granulation tissue and epithelial growth
3. large scar remains-due to increased fibrinous and scar tissue
Factors that promote healing - ANS youth
good nutrition: protein, Vit A&C
adequate Hemoglobin
Effective Circulation
Clean, undisturbed wound
factors that delay healing - ANSWER advanced age (reduced mitosis)
Poor nutrition
Dehydration
Anemia
Circ. problems
irritation
Infection
Prolonged use of glucocorticoids
complications of healing - ANSWER loss of function
contracture/obstruction
adhesions
Keloids
,Ulcerations
Metaplasia
what is a Keloid - ANSWER an abnormal response to scar formation (big puffy scar)
steps of the inflammatory response - ANSWER 1. damaged tissues release histamines
increasing blood flow to the area
2. histamines cause capillaries to leak, releasing phagocytes and clotting factors into
wound
3. phagocytes engulf bacteria, dead cells and cellular debris
4. platelets move out of the capillary to seal the wounded area;
Non-specific defenses - ANSWER 1. fluids (tears, saliva, mucus, gastric)
2. barriers (skin and membranes)
3. Phagocytosis
Specific defenses - ANSWER 1. Humoral
2. Cell mediated
Granulocytes - ANSWER neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
What is a neutrophil ANSWER most abundant phagocyte (70-75%)
- usually increased to show bacterial infection (left shift)
What is a basophil ANSWER histamine releasing phagocyte
, What is an Eosinophils ANSWER phagocytes released in
-Type I allergic
Histamine release
What is the agranulocytes ANSWER B-Cells
T-Cells
Monocyte-Macrophage
What cells are involved with specific immunity ANSWER B & T cells
Which cell is humoral immunity ANSWER B cell
Cell mediated immunity is which cell -
ANSWER T cell
what are monocytes -
ANSWER they sound alarm
-present in the lymph node to specific immunity system and become AG presenting cells
then the B cells pump out AB
When do monocytes become macrophages -
ANSWER diapedesis into the tissue
Local effects of Inflammation -
ANSWER redness (Rubor)
Warmth (calor)
Swelling/Edema
