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11/3/2024 10:54 PM
PHIL 235 Exam Study Guide.
Define ethics - answer✔study of right and wrong in terms of human action
3 branches of ethical theory - answer✔meta-ethics, normative ethics, applied ethics
define meta-ethics - answer✔questioning the nature of ethics itself- what do right and wrong
actually mean
define normative ethics - answer✔rules and principles which should guide behavior
define applied ethics - answer✔systematic development of fields of ethical theory around
controversial questions
4 branches of normative ethics - answer✔consequentialism, non-consequentialism(deontology),
virtue ethics, ethics of care
definition of consequentialism and main philosopher - answer✔John Stuart Mill- right and
wrong are determined according to expected consequences by weighing expected outcomes and
picking whichever course of action is expected to give the best result
2 ways to determine "best result" in consequentialism - answer✔1) egosim 2) utilitarianism
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11/3/2024 10:54 PM
definition of deontology and main philosopher - answer✔Immanuel Kant- some things are
always right/wrong regardless of consequence
definition of virtue ethics and main philosopher - answer✔Aristotle- not what should i do but
what kind of person should i be
definition of ethics of care - answer✔critique of traditionally male theories centered around
privileging self-interested rational individuals
define morality - answer✔explicit or implicit system of rules that govern the behavior and values
of a certain group of people
define moral philosophy - answer✔study of morality, its concepts, practices and justifications
define ethical subjectivism - answer✔- centered around protecting integrity of individuals rights
for autonomy
-moral facts are not universal
- true arguments do not exist because subjectivism is centered around personal feeling
define ethical relativism - answer✔ethical statements true or false relative to the speakers culture
define ethical objectivism - answer✔there are objective moral facts in the universe not related to
speakers culture or personal feelings
reasons to be skeptical of ethical subjectivism - answer✔fails to allow for moral disagreement
, ©SIRJOEL EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/3/2024 10:54 PM
reasons to be skeptical of ethical relativism - answer✔fails to allow for any moral judgements
between different cultures, moral progress, customs vs underlying values
Define Hippocratic oath - answer✔guideline for decision making for HCP, not whole followed,
states above all do no harm
Kluge's 4 principles of biomedical ethics - answer✔Autonomy, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence,
Equality/Justice
define Paternalism - answer✔doctor knows best and is in control
Beauchamp and Childress definition of Paternalism - answer✔doctors overriding patients
personal preferences for their perceived goal of benefiting patient
5 things/situations justifying hard paternalism - answer✔- patient is at risk of PREVENTABLE
harm
- paternalistic action will prevent harm
- benefits of paternalistic actions outweigh its risk to the patient
- no reasonable alternative to limitation of autonomy
- least autonomy restricting alternative securing benefits is adopted
morally relevant aspects (4) of HCP/patient relationship - answer✔- medical care service
monopoly
11/3/2024 10:54 PM
PHIL 235 Exam Study Guide.
Define ethics - answer✔study of right and wrong in terms of human action
3 branches of ethical theory - answer✔meta-ethics, normative ethics, applied ethics
define meta-ethics - answer✔questioning the nature of ethics itself- what do right and wrong
actually mean
define normative ethics - answer✔rules and principles which should guide behavior
define applied ethics - answer✔systematic development of fields of ethical theory around
controversial questions
4 branches of normative ethics - answer✔consequentialism, non-consequentialism(deontology),
virtue ethics, ethics of care
definition of consequentialism and main philosopher - answer✔John Stuart Mill- right and
wrong are determined according to expected consequences by weighing expected outcomes and
picking whichever course of action is expected to give the best result
2 ways to determine "best result" in consequentialism - answer✔1) egosim 2) utilitarianism
, ©SIRJOEL EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/3/2024 10:54 PM
definition of deontology and main philosopher - answer✔Immanuel Kant- some things are
always right/wrong regardless of consequence
definition of virtue ethics and main philosopher - answer✔Aristotle- not what should i do but
what kind of person should i be
definition of ethics of care - answer✔critique of traditionally male theories centered around
privileging self-interested rational individuals
define morality - answer✔explicit or implicit system of rules that govern the behavior and values
of a certain group of people
define moral philosophy - answer✔study of morality, its concepts, practices and justifications
define ethical subjectivism - answer✔- centered around protecting integrity of individuals rights
for autonomy
-moral facts are not universal
- true arguments do not exist because subjectivism is centered around personal feeling
define ethical relativism - answer✔ethical statements true or false relative to the speakers culture
define ethical objectivism - answer✔there are objective moral facts in the universe not related to
speakers culture or personal feelings
reasons to be skeptical of ethical subjectivism - answer✔fails to allow for moral disagreement
, ©SIRJOEL EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/3/2024 10:54 PM
reasons to be skeptical of ethical relativism - answer✔fails to allow for any moral judgements
between different cultures, moral progress, customs vs underlying values
Define Hippocratic oath - answer✔guideline for decision making for HCP, not whole followed,
states above all do no harm
Kluge's 4 principles of biomedical ethics - answer✔Autonomy, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence,
Equality/Justice
define Paternalism - answer✔doctor knows best and is in control
Beauchamp and Childress definition of Paternalism - answer✔doctors overriding patients
personal preferences for their perceived goal of benefiting patient
5 things/situations justifying hard paternalism - answer✔- patient is at risk of PREVENTABLE
harm
- paternalistic action will prevent harm
- benefits of paternalistic actions outweigh its risk to the patient
- no reasonable alternative to limitation of autonomy
- least autonomy restricting alternative securing benefits is adopted
morally relevant aspects (4) of HCP/patient relationship - answer✔- medical care service
monopoly
