NUR 565 Exam 1 Terms With
Solution
Inflammation - an innate and automatic response to cell injury
1. neutralizes harmful agents
2. Removes damaged and dead tissue
3. Generates new tissue
4. promotes healing - what four things does inflammation do?
Acute inflammation - triggered by noxious stimuli (infection or tissue
injury); it is rapid in onset and short duration
-->characterized by exudation of fluid and plasma proteins and emigration
of leukocytes
Chronic inflammation - longer duration and is associated with the
proliferation of blood vessels (forming of new blood cells), tissue necrosis
and fibrosis (scarring)
neutrophils - what is the primary leukocyte for acute inflammation?
,macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils and mast cells - what are the
primary leukocytes for chronic inflammation?
Cells involved in the inflammatory process include endothelial cells (cells that
line the blood cells), circulating platelets and leukocytes (white blood cells),
cells in the connective tissue (mast cells, fibroblasts, tissue macrophages),
and components of the extracellular matrix. - What cells are involved in
the inflammatory process?
- single cells that line blood vessels
- smooth
-nonthrombogenic
- does the vasodilation and constriction
- selective permeability
- barrier
- synthesize & release inflammatory mediators - Describe endothelial cells
(7 things)
Platelets - Small, membrane-bound disks circulating in the blood that play
an active role in normal hemostasis
,proteins are released - When platelets are activated, what happens?
Neutrophils - most numerous (60-70%), first cells to appear at site of acute
inflammation, capable of phagocytizing bacteria and debris, disappear within
24 to 48 hours via apoptosis; 3-5 lobe nucleus; do not stain
Eosinophils - 2% to 3% of circulating leukocytes (WBCs), stain pink, slower
mobility, appear at site of acute inflammation 2 to 3 hours after neutrophils,
granules toxic against worms that cannot be phagocytized, play important
role in allergic reactions, longer life so present in chronic inflammation, too
Basophils - < 1% of circulating WBCs, most prominent in allergic reactions
mediated by IgE-binding of IgE triggers release of histamine and vasoactive
agents from basophil granules; stain blue
Mast cells - Come from same stem cells as basophils but do not develop
until they leave the circulation and lodge in tissue sites; most prevalent along
mucosal surfaces; This distribution places them in a sentinel position
between environmental antigens and the host for a variety of acute and
chronic inflammatory conditions
activation of mast cells results in the release of the performed contents of
their granules (histamines, proteases, cytokines, growth factors & synthesis
, of lipid mediators & tumor necrosis factor); release of mast cells also
stimulate cyokine and chemokine synthesis by other inflammatory cells such
as monocytes and macrophages - What happens when mast cells are
activated?
Monocytes - macrophages; account for 3 to 8% of circulating WBCs; half
life is about 24 hours after which they migrate to site of injury and mature
into larger macrophages to become more phagocytic. Linked to
atherosclerosis
Produce vasoactive mediators including prostaglandins and leukotrienes,
platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines, and growth factors to help
regenerate tissue. Help start healing process, play a role in chronic
inflammation. - What do monocytes/macrophages produce?
Macrophages display antigen to T cells and the macrophages produce
cytokines that stimulate T-cell response. Activated T Cells in turn, produce
cytokines that activate macrophages, increasing antigen presentation and
further cytokine production the result is a perpetuating cycle of cellular
responses that fuel and sustain chronic inflammation
(T cell = cytokines) - Describe T lymphocytes
Plasma cells develop from B lymphocytes that have become activated after
encountering an antigen and receiving T cell help. In the inflammatory site,
Solution
Inflammation - an innate and automatic response to cell injury
1. neutralizes harmful agents
2. Removes damaged and dead tissue
3. Generates new tissue
4. promotes healing - what four things does inflammation do?
Acute inflammation - triggered by noxious stimuli (infection or tissue
injury); it is rapid in onset and short duration
-->characterized by exudation of fluid and plasma proteins and emigration
of leukocytes
Chronic inflammation - longer duration and is associated with the
proliferation of blood vessels (forming of new blood cells), tissue necrosis
and fibrosis (scarring)
neutrophils - what is the primary leukocyte for acute inflammation?
,macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils and mast cells - what are the
primary leukocytes for chronic inflammation?
Cells involved in the inflammatory process include endothelial cells (cells that
line the blood cells), circulating platelets and leukocytes (white blood cells),
cells in the connective tissue (mast cells, fibroblasts, tissue macrophages),
and components of the extracellular matrix. - What cells are involved in
the inflammatory process?
- single cells that line blood vessels
- smooth
-nonthrombogenic
- does the vasodilation and constriction
- selective permeability
- barrier
- synthesize & release inflammatory mediators - Describe endothelial cells
(7 things)
Platelets - Small, membrane-bound disks circulating in the blood that play
an active role in normal hemostasis
,proteins are released - When platelets are activated, what happens?
Neutrophils - most numerous (60-70%), first cells to appear at site of acute
inflammation, capable of phagocytizing bacteria and debris, disappear within
24 to 48 hours via apoptosis; 3-5 lobe nucleus; do not stain
Eosinophils - 2% to 3% of circulating leukocytes (WBCs), stain pink, slower
mobility, appear at site of acute inflammation 2 to 3 hours after neutrophils,
granules toxic against worms that cannot be phagocytized, play important
role in allergic reactions, longer life so present in chronic inflammation, too
Basophils - < 1% of circulating WBCs, most prominent in allergic reactions
mediated by IgE-binding of IgE triggers release of histamine and vasoactive
agents from basophil granules; stain blue
Mast cells - Come from same stem cells as basophils but do not develop
until they leave the circulation and lodge in tissue sites; most prevalent along
mucosal surfaces; This distribution places them in a sentinel position
between environmental antigens and the host for a variety of acute and
chronic inflammatory conditions
activation of mast cells results in the release of the performed contents of
their granules (histamines, proteases, cytokines, growth factors & synthesis
, of lipid mediators & tumor necrosis factor); release of mast cells also
stimulate cyokine and chemokine synthesis by other inflammatory cells such
as monocytes and macrophages - What happens when mast cells are
activated?
Monocytes - macrophages; account for 3 to 8% of circulating WBCs; half
life is about 24 hours after which they migrate to site of injury and mature
into larger macrophages to become more phagocytic. Linked to
atherosclerosis
Produce vasoactive mediators including prostaglandins and leukotrienes,
platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines, and growth factors to help
regenerate tissue. Help start healing process, play a role in chronic
inflammation. - What do monocytes/macrophages produce?
Macrophages display antigen to T cells and the macrophages produce
cytokines that stimulate T-cell response. Activated T Cells in turn, produce
cytokines that activate macrophages, increasing antigen presentation and
further cytokine production the result is a perpetuating cycle of cellular
responses that fuel and sustain chronic inflammation
(T cell = cytokines) - Describe T lymphocytes
Plasma cells develop from B lymphocytes that have become activated after
encountering an antigen and receiving T cell help. In the inflammatory site,
