NR.400.700
Advanced Physiology &
Pathophysiology
LATEST MIDTERM EXAM
GUIDE
Q&S
©2024/2025
,1. Which of the following best describes the role of the
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in blood pressure
regulation?
- A) It directly influences cardiac contractility.
- B) It promotes vasodilation to decrease blood pressure.
- C) It causes vasoconstriction and sodium retention to
increase blood pressure.
- D) It suppresses sympathetic nervous activity.
- Answer: C) It causes vasoconstriction and sodium
retention to increase blood pressure.
Rationale: Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction, and
aldosterone promotes sodium retention, thus increasing
blood pressure.
2. A patient presents with elevated thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH) but low levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and
T4). Which condition is most likely associated with these
findings?
- A) Graves' Disease
- B) Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
- C) Secondary Hyperthyroidism
- D) Euthyroid Sick Syndrome
- Answer: B) Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.
Rationale: Elevated TSH with low T3/T4 is indicative of
primary hypothyroidism, commonly seen in Hashimoto's.
3. Which of the following is the most common cause of
hypercalcemia in hospitalized patients?
- A) Primary hyperparathyroidism
- B) Malignancy-associated hypercalcemia
- C) Vitamin D intoxication
- D) Sarcoidosis
©2024/2025
, - Answer: B) Malignancy-associated hypercalcemia.
Rationale: In hospitalized patients, malignancy is a
common cause of elevated calcium levels due to increased
parathyroid hormone-related peptide.
4. What is the primary mechanism by which aldosterone
increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys?
- A) Increasing the number of sodium channels in the
proximal convoluted tubule
- B) Stimulating the proximal tubular cells to reabsorb
sodium
- C) Increasing the activity of Na+/K+ ATPase in the distal
nephron
- D) Decreasing renal perfusion
- Answer: C) Increasing the activity of Na+/K+ ATPase
in the distal nephron.
Rationale: Aldosterone acts on the distal nephron to
promote sodium reabsorption via the Na+/K+ ATPase
pump.
### Fill-in-the-Blank
5. The primary site of gas exchange in the respiratory
system is the __________.
- Answer: alveoli.
Rationale: Alveoli are small sacs in the lungs where
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
6. Increased ventricular volume at the end of diastole
represents __________ preload, a critical determinant of
cardiac output.
- Answer: increased.
Rationale: Ventricular preload is the initial stretching of
©2024/2025
Advanced Physiology &
Pathophysiology
LATEST MIDTERM EXAM
GUIDE
Q&S
©2024/2025
,1. Which of the following best describes the role of the
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in blood pressure
regulation?
- A) It directly influences cardiac contractility.
- B) It promotes vasodilation to decrease blood pressure.
- C) It causes vasoconstriction and sodium retention to
increase blood pressure.
- D) It suppresses sympathetic nervous activity.
- Answer: C) It causes vasoconstriction and sodium
retention to increase blood pressure.
Rationale: Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction, and
aldosterone promotes sodium retention, thus increasing
blood pressure.
2. A patient presents with elevated thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH) but low levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and
T4). Which condition is most likely associated with these
findings?
- A) Graves' Disease
- B) Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
- C) Secondary Hyperthyroidism
- D) Euthyroid Sick Syndrome
- Answer: B) Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.
Rationale: Elevated TSH with low T3/T4 is indicative of
primary hypothyroidism, commonly seen in Hashimoto's.
3. Which of the following is the most common cause of
hypercalcemia in hospitalized patients?
- A) Primary hyperparathyroidism
- B) Malignancy-associated hypercalcemia
- C) Vitamin D intoxication
- D) Sarcoidosis
©2024/2025
, - Answer: B) Malignancy-associated hypercalcemia.
Rationale: In hospitalized patients, malignancy is a
common cause of elevated calcium levels due to increased
parathyroid hormone-related peptide.
4. What is the primary mechanism by which aldosterone
increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys?
- A) Increasing the number of sodium channels in the
proximal convoluted tubule
- B) Stimulating the proximal tubular cells to reabsorb
sodium
- C) Increasing the activity of Na+/K+ ATPase in the distal
nephron
- D) Decreasing renal perfusion
- Answer: C) Increasing the activity of Na+/K+ ATPase
in the distal nephron.
Rationale: Aldosterone acts on the distal nephron to
promote sodium reabsorption via the Na+/K+ ATPase
pump.
### Fill-in-the-Blank
5. The primary site of gas exchange in the respiratory
system is the __________.
- Answer: alveoli.
Rationale: Alveoli are small sacs in the lungs where
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
6. Increased ventricular volume at the end of diastole
represents __________ preload, a critical determinant of
cardiac output.
- Answer: increased.
Rationale: Ventricular preload is the initial stretching of
©2024/2025
