SLCC Pathophysiology Exam 1 2024/25 Questions With
Error-Free Answers
Homeostasis - Correct Answer Body's ability to maintain dynamic steady state of internal balance
Hyperplasia - Correct Answer Increased number of cells
Hypertrophy - Correct Answer Increased size of cell
Atrophy - Correct Answer Reduced size of cell
Metaplasia - Correct Answer Replacement of one cell type with another that can better endure stress
but not as effective as original tissue. i.e. scar tissue, callous
Dysplasia - Correct Answer Abnormal cell growth results in abnormal size shape or appearance,
precedes cancerous changes
Free radical injury
Hypoxic cell injury
Impaired calcium function - Correct Answer Three mechanisms of cellular injury
Free Radical Injury - Correct Answer Highly reactive chemical molecules with an unpaired electron in
their outer orbit that pulls electrons off of healthy cell molecules > cell damage; cancers; other disease
states result.
Hypoxic Cell Injury - Correct Answer cellular oxygen deprivation. Brain/Heart/Kidneys are high
consumers of O2. Caused by lack of O2 or impaired blood flow to the tissue > inflammatory response
Impaired Calcium Function
,causing inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes - Correct Answer Ca++ is an important signalling
ion for many cell responses. If the cell is injured, calcium builds up inside the cell and many cell
structures are damaged. - causing?
Reversible cell injury - Correct Answer Causes impaired cell function but NOT DEATH. Body can repair
itself and return to normal homeostasis if the injury is reversed in time before cell death results
Water
Lipids
Calcium - Correct Answer Three types of reversible cell injury
Water - Correct Answer abnormal amounts of?
Sodium builds up in cell due to the breakdown of the sodium [Na+] - potassium [K+] pump.
Consequently, sodium collects inside the cell and attracts water > intracellular swelling. Usually due to
hypoxic injury.
Lipids - Correct Answer Abnormal amounts of?
collects in cells leading to impairment of cell functions. "Fatty liver" is often the result. Fatty changes are
a more ominous sign of cell injury than swelling, but can be reversed with dietary changes.
Calcium - Correct Answer Abnormal amounts of?
builds up in cell due to breakdown of the Calcium [Ca++] - Magnesium [Mg++] pump. Consequently,
calcium collects inside the cell and causes inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes > damages cell
internally.
Apoptosis - Correct Answer Controlled cell death by implosion. Membrane maintains integrity, cell
contents not released into extracellular space, no inflammatory response.
8-10 days - Correct Answer How long do WBCs live?
,3 months - Correct Answer How long do RBCs live?
Necrosis - Correct Answer Uncontrolled cell death. Membrane looses integrity, cell contents released
into extracellular and inflammatory response.
Telomeres - Correct Answer Outermost tails of chromosomes that are shortened each replication.
When too short cell dies
elasticity - Correct Answer Example of cellular aging
Decrease in ______________________ of blood vessels > atherosclerosis and high blood pressure
Bowel - Correct Answer Example of cellular aging
Loss of ___________ motility due to aging or medications > Chronic constipation
Muscle mass - Correct Answer Example of cellular aging
Loss of _____________ ____________ due to aging, malnutrition, eating disorders, etc. > muscle
weakness, problems with balance
subcutaneous fat - Correct Answer Loss of __________________ ________ due to aging or extreme
dieting, cancer, malnutrition, etc. > problems regulating temperature, and skin breakdown over bony
areas especially if bed-bound
inflammation - Correct Answer Response to injury,toxin, stress, trauma. Needed for tissue repair.
Overall healthy unless chronic. -
Bone Marrow - blood components
Thymus gland - T-cells from lymphocytes
, Lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen - Correct Answer Organs of the immune system
Thymus Gland - Correct Answer Where are T-Cells produced from lymphoytes
Inflammation - Correct Answer Cells of ___________________
Endothelial cells
Platelets
Leukocytes
Endothelial cells - Correct Answer Line blood vessels, releases products that vasodilate/vasoconstrict.
Cause blood thinning, allow entrance and exit sites of blood vessels, control inflammatory mediators
Platelets - Correct Answer Thrombocytes- responsible for blood coagulation/clotting. Release over 300
potent inflammatory mediators.
Leukocytes - Correct Answer White blood cells, major cellular component of inflammatory response.
Classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes
Leukocytosis - Correct Answer Higher then normal production of WBCs.
Swelling
Heat
Altered function
Redness
Pain - Correct Answer S.H.A.R.P
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes - Correct Answer Two types of Leukocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils - Correct Answer Three Granulocytes
Error-Free Answers
Homeostasis - Correct Answer Body's ability to maintain dynamic steady state of internal balance
Hyperplasia - Correct Answer Increased number of cells
Hypertrophy - Correct Answer Increased size of cell
Atrophy - Correct Answer Reduced size of cell
Metaplasia - Correct Answer Replacement of one cell type with another that can better endure stress
but not as effective as original tissue. i.e. scar tissue, callous
Dysplasia - Correct Answer Abnormal cell growth results in abnormal size shape or appearance,
precedes cancerous changes
Free radical injury
Hypoxic cell injury
Impaired calcium function - Correct Answer Three mechanisms of cellular injury
Free Radical Injury - Correct Answer Highly reactive chemical molecules with an unpaired electron in
their outer orbit that pulls electrons off of healthy cell molecules > cell damage; cancers; other disease
states result.
Hypoxic Cell Injury - Correct Answer cellular oxygen deprivation. Brain/Heart/Kidneys are high
consumers of O2. Caused by lack of O2 or impaired blood flow to the tissue > inflammatory response
Impaired Calcium Function
,causing inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes - Correct Answer Ca++ is an important signalling
ion for many cell responses. If the cell is injured, calcium builds up inside the cell and many cell
structures are damaged. - causing?
Reversible cell injury - Correct Answer Causes impaired cell function but NOT DEATH. Body can repair
itself and return to normal homeostasis if the injury is reversed in time before cell death results
Water
Lipids
Calcium - Correct Answer Three types of reversible cell injury
Water - Correct Answer abnormal amounts of?
Sodium builds up in cell due to the breakdown of the sodium [Na+] - potassium [K+] pump.
Consequently, sodium collects inside the cell and attracts water > intracellular swelling. Usually due to
hypoxic injury.
Lipids - Correct Answer Abnormal amounts of?
collects in cells leading to impairment of cell functions. "Fatty liver" is often the result. Fatty changes are
a more ominous sign of cell injury than swelling, but can be reversed with dietary changes.
Calcium - Correct Answer Abnormal amounts of?
builds up in cell due to breakdown of the Calcium [Ca++] - Magnesium [Mg++] pump. Consequently,
calcium collects inside the cell and causes inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes > damages cell
internally.
Apoptosis - Correct Answer Controlled cell death by implosion. Membrane maintains integrity, cell
contents not released into extracellular space, no inflammatory response.
8-10 days - Correct Answer How long do WBCs live?
,3 months - Correct Answer How long do RBCs live?
Necrosis - Correct Answer Uncontrolled cell death. Membrane looses integrity, cell contents released
into extracellular and inflammatory response.
Telomeres - Correct Answer Outermost tails of chromosomes that are shortened each replication.
When too short cell dies
elasticity - Correct Answer Example of cellular aging
Decrease in ______________________ of blood vessels > atherosclerosis and high blood pressure
Bowel - Correct Answer Example of cellular aging
Loss of ___________ motility due to aging or medications > Chronic constipation
Muscle mass - Correct Answer Example of cellular aging
Loss of _____________ ____________ due to aging, malnutrition, eating disorders, etc. > muscle
weakness, problems with balance
subcutaneous fat - Correct Answer Loss of __________________ ________ due to aging or extreme
dieting, cancer, malnutrition, etc. > problems regulating temperature, and skin breakdown over bony
areas especially if bed-bound
inflammation - Correct Answer Response to injury,toxin, stress, trauma. Needed for tissue repair.
Overall healthy unless chronic. -
Bone Marrow - blood components
Thymus gland - T-cells from lymphocytes
, Lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen - Correct Answer Organs of the immune system
Thymus Gland - Correct Answer Where are T-Cells produced from lymphoytes
Inflammation - Correct Answer Cells of ___________________
Endothelial cells
Platelets
Leukocytes
Endothelial cells - Correct Answer Line blood vessels, releases products that vasodilate/vasoconstrict.
Cause blood thinning, allow entrance and exit sites of blood vessels, control inflammatory mediators
Platelets - Correct Answer Thrombocytes- responsible for blood coagulation/clotting. Release over 300
potent inflammatory mediators.
Leukocytes - Correct Answer White blood cells, major cellular component of inflammatory response.
Classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes
Leukocytosis - Correct Answer Higher then normal production of WBCs.
Swelling
Heat
Altered function
Redness
Pain - Correct Answer S.H.A.R.P
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes - Correct Answer Two types of Leukocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils - Correct Answer Three Granulocytes
