PSY 203 Exam 1 || with Accurate Answers 100%.
ways of knowing correct answers authority, common sense, intuition, rationalism, empiricism
(best), personal experience
authority correct answers when someone influential says so
common sense correct answers what everyone knows, backed by personal experience
intuition correct answers "feeling of knowing" something but not quite sure where the
knowledge came from
rationalism correct answers a priori (before results) method; knowledge derived from reasoning
or logic
empericism correct answers knowledge from experience or observation; relies on data (same
results over and over again)
personal experience correct answers heavily selective, colored by expectations and biases;
selective information: incomplete info, only successes not failures, cannot reach conclusion
confirmation bias correct answers cherry-picking data or only presenting confirming evidence
and hiding disconfirming evidence
availability heuristic correct answers something particularly memorable or salient skews your
view of the world
ex: plane crashes can make people afraid of flying; however, the likelihood of dying in a car
accident is far higher than dying as a passenger on an airplane
determinism correct answers all behavior has a cause and thus is predictable
statistical determinism correct answers laws of probability can be used to predict the likely # of
events of a given kind that will occur in a given population under certain defined conditions
placebo effects correct answers when a person's health appears to improve after taking a placebo
treatment (shouldn't have had an effect)
scientific method correct answers self-corrective method
claims and predictions falsifiable
empirical questions & solvable problems
science assumes determinism
discoverability (empirical questions) correct answers data-driven questions that can be answered
by collecting data and are falsifiable
,systematic empiricism correct answers collecting data in a structured manner in order to evaluate
claims or hypotheses (distinguish between different POVs)
publicly available information & objectivity correct answers when methods and data are
objective (not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts)
and available to the public eye
tentative conclusions correct answers conclusions drawn from data are always tentative, subject
to revision based on future research
conclusions are not absolute but there is confidence that research gets closer and closer to the
truth
replication correct answers providing others with enough info so they can reproduce methods
and get the same results (hopefully)
peer review correct answers independent experts review articles before they are published
null hypothesis correct answers states that there is no relationship between two variables
alternative hypothesis correct answers looking at whether there's enough change (or relationship
between variables) to be able to reject the null hypothesis
theory correct answers an idea about how something works
set of logically consistent statements about some phenomenon that: summarizes existing
knowledge of the phenomenon, organizes the knowledge into precise statements of relationships
among variables, proposes an explanation for the phenomenon, and serves as a basis for making
predictions about behavior
claims and predictions falsifiable correct answers should be able to collect data that goes against
hypothesis
self-correcting mechanism correct answers objective process that incorporates new info and
updates beliefs about the world depending on the available evidence
ex: Wakefield study said there was a link between vaccines and autism, but Lancet eventually
retracted this paper and lost his license; MMR vaccine is given when a child is 18 months old,
which is the same time when signs of autism can reliably be diagnosed
PT Barnum effect correct answers when individuals believe that personality descriptions apply
specifically to them, even though the description is filled with info that applies to a lot of people
characteristics of pseudoscience correct answers uses language of science & mimics the
procedure, shifts burden of proof when claims are challenged, uses anecdotal evidence or
testimonials, uses currently unexplained phenomena as evidence, complains of shunning,
misuses rules of evidence
, using language of science and mimicking the procedure correct answers when pseudoscience
sounds like real science and uses designs that look like they could be real science
a person could emphasize data collection when they actually just use testimonials
shifting burden of proof when claims are challenged correct answers the fallacy of putting the
burden of proof on the person who denies or questions the assertion being made; assumption that
something is true unless proven otherwise
anecdotal evidence or testimonials correct answers info is highly selective and people hear about
successes not failures
ex: facilitated communication= facilitator hand over person's hand to spell out certain things
using currently unexplained phenomena as evidence for claims correct answers if currently
unexplained, "that supports my position" (argument by exclusion)
complaining of shunning correct answers in pseudoscience, when peer review shows their
methods don't work and they get upset
misusing rules of evidence correct answers relying on testimonials and anecdotes (not viable
evidence); reporting successes only
goals of research in psychology correct answers describe, predict, explain, apply
describe correct answers what are they doing?
ex: we know that people will work for items that they like, we need to ask them what they like
predict correct answers what would happen if I responded this way?
ex: we can predict how effective different reinforcers will be for getting people to do work
explain correct answers why are they doing that?
ex: we have people work for certain rewards and see if it works
apply correct answers where else can this be used?
ex: take what we learned from basic study and use it with other populations
5 general principles of APA code of conduct correct answers beneficence & nonmaleficence,
fidelity & responsibility, integrity, justice, respect for persons
beneficence & nonmaleficence (APA code of conduct) correct answers determine benefits and
costs to participant, minimize harm
fidelity & responsibility correct answers contribute to research on social issues, be professional,
disclose risks
integrity (APA code of conduct) correct answers do not commit data fraud, report all collected
data
ways of knowing correct answers authority, common sense, intuition, rationalism, empiricism
(best), personal experience
authority correct answers when someone influential says so
common sense correct answers what everyone knows, backed by personal experience
intuition correct answers "feeling of knowing" something but not quite sure where the
knowledge came from
rationalism correct answers a priori (before results) method; knowledge derived from reasoning
or logic
empericism correct answers knowledge from experience or observation; relies on data (same
results over and over again)
personal experience correct answers heavily selective, colored by expectations and biases;
selective information: incomplete info, only successes not failures, cannot reach conclusion
confirmation bias correct answers cherry-picking data or only presenting confirming evidence
and hiding disconfirming evidence
availability heuristic correct answers something particularly memorable or salient skews your
view of the world
ex: plane crashes can make people afraid of flying; however, the likelihood of dying in a car
accident is far higher than dying as a passenger on an airplane
determinism correct answers all behavior has a cause and thus is predictable
statistical determinism correct answers laws of probability can be used to predict the likely # of
events of a given kind that will occur in a given population under certain defined conditions
placebo effects correct answers when a person's health appears to improve after taking a placebo
treatment (shouldn't have had an effect)
scientific method correct answers self-corrective method
claims and predictions falsifiable
empirical questions & solvable problems
science assumes determinism
discoverability (empirical questions) correct answers data-driven questions that can be answered
by collecting data and are falsifiable
,systematic empiricism correct answers collecting data in a structured manner in order to evaluate
claims or hypotheses (distinguish between different POVs)
publicly available information & objectivity correct answers when methods and data are
objective (not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts)
and available to the public eye
tentative conclusions correct answers conclusions drawn from data are always tentative, subject
to revision based on future research
conclusions are not absolute but there is confidence that research gets closer and closer to the
truth
replication correct answers providing others with enough info so they can reproduce methods
and get the same results (hopefully)
peer review correct answers independent experts review articles before they are published
null hypothesis correct answers states that there is no relationship between two variables
alternative hypothesis correct answers looking at whether there's enough change (or relationship
between variables) to be able to reject the null hypothesis
theory correct answers an idea about how something works
set of logically consistent statements about some phenomenon that: summarizes existing
knowledge of the phenomenon, organizes the knowledge into precise statements of relationships
among variables, proposes an explanation for the phenomenon, and serves as a basis for making
predictions about behavior
claims and predictions falsifiable correct answers should be able to collect data that goes against
hypothesis
self-correcting mechanism correct answers objective process that incorporates new info and
updates beliefs about the world depending on the available evidence
ex: Wakefield study said there was a link between vaccines and autism, but Lancet eventually
retracted this paper and lost his license; MMR vaccine is given when a child is 18 months old,
which is the same time when signs of autism can reliably be diagnosed
PT Barnum effect correct answers when individuals believe that personality descriptions apply
specifically to them, even though the description is filled with info that applies to a lot of people
characteristics of pseudoscience correct answers uses language of science & mimics the
procedure, shifts burden of proof when claims are challenged, uses anecdotal evidence or
testimonials, uses currently unexplained phenomena as evidence, complains of shunning,
misuses rules of evidence
, using language of science and mimicking the procedure correct answers when pseudoscience
sounds like real science and uses designs that look like they could be real science
a person could emphasize data collection when they actually just use testimonials
shifting burden of proof when claims are challenged correct answers the fallacy of putting the
burden of proof on the person who denies or questions the assertion being made; assumption that
something is true unless proven otherwise
anecdotal evidence or testimonials correct answers info is highly selective and people hear about
successes not failures
ex: facilitated communication= facilitator hand over person's hand to spell out certain things
using currently unexplained phenomena as evidence for claims correct answers if currently
unexplained, "that supports my position" (argument by exclusion)
complaining of shunning correct answers in pseudoscience, when peer review shows their
methods don't work and they get upset
misusing rules of evidence correct answers relying on testimonials and anecdotes (not viable
evidence); reporting successes only
goals of research in psychology correct answers describe, predict, explain, apply
describe correct answers what are they doing?
ex: we know that people will work for items that they like, we need to ask them what they like
predict correct answers what would happen if I responded this way?
ex: we can predict how effective different reinforcers will be for getting people to do work
explain correct answers why are they doing that?
ex: we have people work for certain rewards and see if it works
apply correct answers where else can this be used?
ex: take what we learned from basic study and use it with other populations
5 general principles of APA code of conduct correct answers beneficence & nonmaleficence,
fidelity & responsibility, integrity, justice, respect for persons
beneficence & nonmaleficence (APA code of conduct) correct answers determine benefits and
costs to participant, minimize harm
fidelity & responsibility correct answers contribute to research on social issues, be professional,
disclose risks
integrity (APA code of conduct) correct answers do not commit data fraud, report all collected
data
