PSYC 2314 Exam 1 Review || A Verified A+ Pass.
Cephalocaudal Development correct answers development proceeds from upper part of the head
then to the lower limbs. head develops more rapidly than the rest of the body during embryonic
stage
Proximaldistal Development correct answers growth and development proceeding from the trunk
outwards (central axis to periphery).
motor development = infants gain control of trunk and shoulders before arms and legs.
Differentiation of Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal Development correct answers as children
mature, their physical reaction becomes less global and more specific
Height and Weight Changes During Infancy correct answers 1st year = height and weight gain
dramatic
- weight 2x by 5 months and 3x 1st bday
- height 50% increase
- grow in spurts
- boys = reach half of adult height by 2nd bday
- girls = reach half adult height by 18 months
Failure to Thrive (FTT) correct answers - disorder that impairs growth in infancy and early
childhood
- linked to slow cognitive and physical growth, behavioral, and emotional problems
biologically based = cause by underlying health problem (nutrient deficiency, illness of organ
system)
non-biologically based = caused by psychological or social roots (impoverishment, improperly
prepared breast milk, caregiver with poor skills/depressed/or hostile toward child)
Canalization correct answers tendency to return to one's genetically determined pattern of
growth.
Steps to Introducing New Foods correct answers 1- 5 months = breast milk or formula
4-6 months = introduce solids
9-12 = introduce whole cow milk
introduce new foods one at a time, avoid overfeeding or underfeeding, do not over-do high fiber
foods, do not limit high calorie or high fat foods, encourage eating high iron foods, avoid added
salt and sugar.
Development of Nervous System correct answers neurons, dendrites, axons, and
neurotransmitters
,Myelination - incomplete at birth. completes as maturation takes place. breaks down in later
years of life.
Multiple Sclerosis - myelin replaced by hard fibrous tissue leading to neural transmission
interference in muscle control.
Brain Development correct answers neonate = less than one pound
infant = weighs more than half its adult age by age 1
medulla = heart and respiration function
cerebellum = maintain balance, motor behavior control
cerebrum = human learning, thought, and language possible
grows in spurts. 1st spurt = 4-5 months when neurons proliferate. 2nd spurt = 25th week of
prenatal dev when axons and dendrites form
Brain development in Infancy correct answers - At birth, parts of the brain involved in heartbeat
and respiration, sleeping and arousal, and reflex activity are fairly well myelinated and functional
- Myelination of major motor pathways develops during last month of pregnancy and continues
after birth
- Myelination of nerves to muscles is largely developed by age 2 (some myelination continues to
some degree into adolescence)
- Areas of cortex involved in vision, hearing, and skin senses are LESS well myelinated at birth
- As myelination proceeds, children become increasingly capable of complex and integrated
sensorimotor activity
Nature vs Nurture: Brain Development correct answers Nurture - rich environment leads to
stimulation and experience.
Nature - brain has good adaptability. allows us to develop different patterns of neural
connections. lack of stimulation can impair this ability.
Motor Development correct answers - after cephalocaudal and proximodistal development and
differentiation takes place.
- infants can control their heads and upper torso before they can use their arms ,hands, and legs
neonates = can move head slightly to side
1 month = can raise head
2 months = can raise chest when lying on stomach
3-6 months = they can hold up their own heads
Reaching and Grasping Development correct answers infants - track objects with eyes
3 months - clumsy swipes at objects
4-6 months - grasp objects (reflexive but then turns voluntary)
Ulnar Grasp correct answers holding objects clumsily between palms
, Pincer Grasp correct answers use of oppositional thumbs (9-12 months). allows infants to hold
objects in each hand and inspect them.
Stacking Blocks correct answers example of visual-motor coordination
15 months -> 2 blocks
18 months -> 3 blocks
24 months -> 5 blocks
Locomotion Relative to Physical Development correct answers Locomotion - movement from
one place to another
Sequence of activities include rolling over, sitting up, crawling, creeping, walking, and running
(gesell = study on increasing motor coordination)
Physical Development from Infant to Toddler correct answers roll over front to back and vice
versa -> sit up by itself -> crawl -> creeping -> standing overlaps with creeping and crawling ->
infants can walk by themselves
Visual Acuity correct answers born nearsighted but gains visual acuity from birth to 6 months.
by 3-5 years = reaches adult level.
Peripheral Vision correct answers neonates have poor peripheral vision
Visual Preferences correct answers neonates = stripes and blobs
8-12 weeks = curved lines to straight ones
frantz study on facial interest - infants prefer looking at human faces as reading faces is
important to them as they cannot understand information communicated via language
Infant Visual Fixation correct answers stimulus properties of visual object more important than
the fact that it represents a face. neonates can distinguish mother's face from strangers after 8
hours.
1 month eye movement - direct movements from edges of object
2 month eye movement - move inward from edges
Depth Perception correct answers Gibson and Walk Study
- "visual cliff" where 8/10 infants who had begun to crawl refuse to crawl over this cliff.
- 1 month old = increase in HR when placed on cliff
- 2 month old = decrease in HR -> "interested in cliff"
- 9 months = increase HR contributed to fear response
Perceptual Constancies (2) correct answers Tendency to perceive an object to be the same, even
though the sensations produced by the object may differ under various conditions
Cephalocaudal Development correct answers development proceeds from upper part of the head
then to the lower limbs. head develops more rapidly than the rest of the body during embryonic
stage
Proximaldistal Development correct answers growth and development proceeding from the trunk
outwards (central axis to periphery).
motor development = infants gain control of trunk and shoulders before arms and legs.
Differentiation of Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal Development correct answers as children
mature, their physical reaction becomes less global and more specific
Height and Weight Changes During Infancy correct answers 1st year = height and weight gain
dramatic
- weight 2x by 5 months and 3x 1st bday
- height 50% increase
- grow in spurts
- boys = reach half of adult height by 2nd bday
- girls = reach half adult height by 18 months
Failure to Thrive (FTT) correct answers - disorder that impairs growth in infancy and early
childhood
- linked to slow cognitive and physical growth, behavioral, and emotional problems
biologically based = cause by underlying health problem (nutrient deficiency, illness of organ
system)
non-biologically based = caused by psychological or social roots (impoverishment, improperly
prepared breast milk, caregiver with poor skills/depressed/or hostile toward child)
Canalization correct answers tendency to return to one's genetically determined pattern of
growth.
Steps to Introducing New Foods correct answers 1- 5 months = breast milk or formula
4-6 months = introduce solids
9-12 = introduce whole cow milk
introduce new foods one at a time, avoid overfeeding or underfeeding, do not over-do high fiber
foods, do not limit high calorie or high fat foods, encourage eating high iron foods, avoid added
salt and sugar.
Development of Nervous System correct answers neurons, dendrites, axons, and
neurotransmitters
,Myelination - incomplete at birth. completes as maturation takes place. breaks down in later
years of life.
Multiple Sclerosis - myelin replaced by hard fibrous tissue leading to neural transmission
interference in muscle control.
Brain Development correct answers neonate = less than one pound
infant = weighs more than half its adult age by age 1
medulla = heart and respiration function
cerebellum = maintain balance, motor behavior control
cerebrum = human learning, thought, and language possible
grows in spurts. 1st spurt = 4-5 months when neurons proliferate. 2nd spurt = 25th week of
prenatal dev when axons and dendrites form
Brain development in Infancy correct answers - At birth, parts of the brain involved in heartbeat
and respiration, sleeping and arousal, and reflex activity are fairly well myelinated and functional
- Myelination of major motor pathways develops during last month of pregnancy and continues
after birth
- Myelination of nerves to muscles is largely developed by age 2 (some myelination continues to
some degree into adolescence)
- Areas of cortex involved in vision, hearing, and skin senses are LESS well myelinated at birth
- As myelination proceeds, children become increasingly capable of complex and integrated
sensorimotor activity
Nature vs Nurture: Brain Development correct answers Nurture - rich environment leads to
stimulation and experience.
Nature - brain has good adaptability. allows us to develop different patterns of neural
connections. lack of stimulation can impair this ability.
Motor Development correct answers - after cephalocaudal and proximodistal development and
differentiation takes place.
- infants can control their heads and upper torso before they can use their arms ,hands, and legs
neonates = can move head slightly to side
1 month = can raise head
2 months = can raise chest when lying on stomach
3-6 months = they can hold up their own heads
Reaching and Grasping Development correct answers infants - track objects with eyes
3 months - clumsy swipes at objects
4-6 months - grasp objects (reflexive but then turns voluntary)
Ulnar Grasp correct answers holding objects clumsily between palms
, Pincer Grasp correct answers use of oppositional thumbs (9-12 months). allows infants to hold
objects in each hand and inspect them.
Stacking Blocks correct answers example of visual-motor coordination
15 months -> 2 blocks
18 months -> 3 blocks
24 months -> 5 blocks
Locomotion Relative to Physical Development correct answers Locomotion - movement from
one place to another
Sequence of activities include rolling over, sitting up, crawling, creeping, walking, and running
(gesell = study on increasing motor coordination)
Physical Development from Infant to Toddler correct answers roll over front to back and vice
versa -> sit up by itself -> crawl -> creeping -> standing overlaps with creeping and crawling ->
infants can walk by themselves
Visual Acuity correct answers born nearsighted but gains visual acuity from birth to 6 months.
by 3-5 years = reaches adult level.
Peripheral Vision correct answers neonates have poor peripheral vision
Visual Preferences correct answers neonates = stripes and blobs
8-12 weeks = curved lines to straight ones
frantz study on facial interest - infants prefer looking at human faces as reading faces is
important to them as they cannot understand information communicated via language
Infant Visual Fixation correct answers stimulus properties of visual object more important than
the fact that it represents a face. neonates can distinguish mother's face from strangers after 8
hours.
1 month eye movement - direct movements from edges of object
2 month eye movement - move inward from edges
Depth Perception correct answers Gibson and Walk Study
- "visual cliff" where 8/10 infants who had begun to crawl refuse to crawl over this cliff.
- 1 month old = increase in HR when placed on cliff
- 2 month old = decrease in HR -> "interested in cliff"
- 9 months = increase HR contributed to fear response
Perceptual Constancies (2) correct answers Tendency to perceive an object to be the same, even
though the sensations produced by the object may differ under various conditions
