NURSING GRAY'S ABDOMEN TEST
FINAL EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS FREQUENTLY
TESTED (2024/2025) GRADED A
A 55-year-old man was admitted to the hospital
with severe abdominal pain. Gastroscopy and CT scan
examinations revealed a perforating ulcer in the posterior
wall of the stomach. Where would peritonitis most
likely develop initially? - ANSWER>>Omental bursa (lesser sac)
A 58-year-old male alcoholic is admitted to the
hospital after vomiting dark red blood (hematemesis).
Endoscopy reveals ruptured esophageal varices, resulting
from portal hypertension. Which of the following
venous tributaries to the portal system anastomoses
with caval veins to cause the varices? - ANSWER>>Left gastric
A 42-year-old male patient with jaundice is admitted to the hospital with severe pain that radiates to his
back. A CT scan examination reveals a tumor at the neck of the pancreas. Biopsy reveals a ductular
adenocarcinoma. Which of the following structures will first receive metastatic cells? - ANSWER>>Liver
A major vessel appears to be nearly occluded in a 42-year-old male patient diagnosed with ductular
adenocarcinoma. A CT scan examination has clearly demonstrated the tumor is at the neck of the
pancreas. Which of the following vessels would be the most likely to be obstructed? - ANSWER>>Portal
vein
A 49-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with abdominal pain. Physical examination reveals an
epigastric pain that migrates toward the patient's right side and posteriorly toward the scapula.
Radiographic examination reveals cholecystitis with a large gallstone and no jaundice. In which of the
following structures is it most likely the gallstone will be located? - ANSWER>>Hartmann pouch
A 47-year-old female is admitted to the hospital with jaundice and epigastric pain that migrates toward the
patient's right side and posteriorly toward the scapula. Radiographic examination reveals cholecystitis
with a large gallstone. Which of the following is the most likely site for a gallstone to lodge? -
ANSWER>>Hepatopancreatic ampulla
A 1-year-old female is admitted to the hospital with a palpable mass within one of her labia majora.
Radiographic examination reveals that a loop of intestine has herniated into the visibly enlarged labium
,majus. This condition is due to failure of the processus vaginalis to close off. From which of the following
tissue layers is the processus derived? - ANSWER>>Parietal peritoneum
A 3-year-old boy is admitted to the hospital with signs of acute renal failure. Radiologic studies reveal that
the boy has bilateral masses involving both kidneys. Examination of biopsy material confirms the
diagnosis of Wilms tumor. Which of the following gene mutations is the most common in Wilms tumor? -
ANSWER>>The gene responsible for WT1
Fusion of the caudal portions of the kidneys during embryonic development is most likely to result in
which of the following congenital conditions? - ANSWER>>Horseshoe kidney
Which of the following congenital malformations will most predictably result in oligohydramnios? -
ANSWER>>Renal agenesis
Failure to urinate during embryonic or fetal life usually causes respiratory difficulties postnatally. Which of
the following relationships best describes this situation? - ANSWER>>Oligohydramnios linked with
hypoplastic lungs
A 4-year-old male child is admitted to the hospital with severe vomiting. Radiographic examination and
history taking reveals that the boy suffers from an annular pancreas. Which of the following structures is
most typically obstructed by this condition? - ANSWER>>Second part of the duodenum
A 3-year-old male child is admitted to the pediatric clinic. Diagnosis reveals that the intermediate portion
of the processus vaginalis is not obliterated. Which of the following conditions will most likely result from
this? - ANSWER>>Congenital hydrocele
Testicles are absent from the scrotum of a 1-yearold
male admitted to the pediatric clinic. The pediatrician
examined the infant and palpated the testes in the
inguinal canal. Which of the following terms is used to
describe this condition? - ANSWER>>Cryptorchism
A 28-year-old woman who is 8 months pregnant
goes to the outpatient clinic for her prenatal checkup.
Ultrasound examination of the fetus reveals gastroschisis,
with herniation of the small bowel into the amniotic
cavity. Failure of proper formation of which of the
following structure(s) has resulted in this condition? - ANSWER>>Lateral folds
Rotation of the stomach during development results
in movement of the left vagus nerve from its
original position. Through approximately how many
degrees of rotation does the nerve move, and what is
its final position? - ANSWER>>90 ° to become the anterior vagal trunk
A newborn baby was diagnosed with eventration
of the diaphragm, wherein one half of the diaphragm
ascends into the thorax during inspiration, but the
other half contracts normally. What is the most likely
, cause of this condition? - ANSWER>>Absence of musculature in one half of the
diaphragm
A 2-day-old newborn male is cyanotic after attempts
to swallow milk result in collection of the milk
in his mouth. After 2 days he develops pneumonia. A
tracheoesophageal fistula is suspected. Which of the
following structures has failed to develop properly? - ANSWER>>Tracheoesophageal septum
A 3-day-old male newborn has difficulties in
breathing. A CT scan of his chest and abdomen reveals
the absence of the central tendon of the diaphragm.
Which of the following structures failed to develop
properly? - ANSWER>>Septum transversum
A 2-day-old female infant with fever is examined
by the pediatric team. Imaging reveals malrotation of
the small intestine without fixation of the mesenteries.
The vessels around the duodenojejunal junction are
obstructed and the intestine is at risk of becoming gangrenous. Which of the following has occurred to
cause
the obstruction? - ANSWER>>Midgut volvulus
A 5-day-old male infant is diagnosed with
Hirschsprung disease. CT scan examination reveals an
abnormally dilated colon. Which of the following is the
most likely embryologic mechanism responsible for
Hirschsprung disease? - ANSWER>>Failure of neural crest cells to migrate into the
walls of the colon
A 1-day-old infant has a mass protruding through
her umbilicus. Physical examination reveals an umbilical
hernia. A CT scan reveals that part of another organ
is attached to the inner surface of the hernia. What
portion of the gastrointestinal tract is most likely to be
attached to the inner surface of the umbilical hernia? - ANSWER>>Ileum
A 38-year-old pregnant woman is admitted to the
emergency department with severe vaginal bleeding.
Ultrasound examination confirms the initial diagnosis
of ectopic pregnancy. Which of the following is the
most common site of an ectopic pregnancy? - ANSWER>>Uterine tubes
A 23-year-old woman is admitted with severe abdominal
pain, nausea, and vomiting. History taking
shows that the pain is acute and has been constant for
4 days. The pain began in the epigastric region and radiated bilaterally around the chest to just below the
scapulae. Currently the pain is localized in the right hypochondrium. A CT scan examination reveals
calcified
FINAL EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS FREQUENTLY
TESTED (2024/2025) GRADED A
A 55-year-old man was admitted to the hospital
with severe abdominal pain. Gastroscopy and CT scan
examinations revealed a perforating ulcer in the posterior
wall of the stomach. Where would peritonitis most
likely develop initially? - ANSWER>>Omental bursa (lesser sac)
A 58-year-old male alcoholic is admitted to the
hospital after vomiting dark red blood (hematemesis).
Endoscopy reveals ruptured esophageal varices, resulting
from portal hypertension. Which of the following
venous tributaries to the portal system anastomoses
with caval veins to cause the varices? - ANSWER>>Left gastric
A 42-year-old male patient with jaundice is admitted to the hospital with severe pain that radiates to his
back. A CT scan examination reveals a tumor at the neck of the pancreas. Biopsy reveals a ductular
adenocarcinoma. Which of the following structures will first receive metastatic cells? - ANSWER>>Liver
A major vessel appears to be nearly occluded in a 42-year-old male patient diagnosed with ductular
adenocarcinoma. A CT scan examination has clearly demonstrated the tumor is at the neck of the
pancreas. Which of the following vessels would be the most likely to be obstructed? - ANSWER>>Portal
vein
A 49-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with abdominal pain. Physical examination reveals an
epigastric pain that migrates toward the patient's right side and posteriorly toward the scapula.
Radiographic examination reveals cholecystitis with a large gallstone and no jaundice. In which of the
following structures is it most likely the gallstone will be located? - ANSWER>>Hartmann pouch
A 47-year-old female is admitted to the hospital with jaundice and epigastric pain that migrates toward the
patient's right side and posteriorly toward the scapula. Radiographic examination reveals cholecystitis
with a large gallstone. Which of the following is the most likely site for a gallstone to lodge? -
ANSWER>>Hepatopancreatic ampulla
A 1-year-old female is admitted to the hospital with a palpable mass within one of her labia majora.
Radiographic examination reveals that a loop of intestine has herniated into the visibly enlarged labium
,majus. This condition is due to failure of the processus vaginalis to close off. From which of the following
tissue layers is the processus derived? - ANSWER>>Parietal peritoneum
A 3-year-old boy is admitted to the hospital with signs of acute renal failure. Radiologic studies reveal that
the boy has bilateral masses involving both kidneys. Examination of biopsy material confirms the
diagnosis of Wilms tumor. Which of the following gene mutations is the most common in Wilms tumor? -
ANSWER>>The gene responsible for WT1
Fusion of the caudal portions of the kidneys during embryonic development is most likely to result in
which of the following congenital conditions? - ANSWER>>Horseshoe kidney
Which of the following congenital malformations will most predictably result in oligohydramnios? -
ANSWER>>Renal agenesis
Failure to urinate during embryonic or fetal life usually causes respiratory difficulties postnatally. Which of
the following relationships best describes this situation? - ANSWER>>Oligohydramnios linked with
hypoplastic lungs
A 4-year-old male child is admitted to the hospital with severe vomiting. Radiographic examination and
history taking reveals that the boy suffers from an annular pancreas. Which of the following structures is
most typically obstructed by this condition? - ANSWER>>Second part of the duodenum
A 3-year-old male child is admitted to the pediatric clinic. Diagnosis reveals that the intermediate portion
of the processus vaginalis is not obliterated. Which of the following conditions will most likely result from
this? - ANSWER>>Congenital hydrocele
Testicles are absent from the scrotum of a 1-yearold
male admitted to the pediatric clinic. The pediatrician
examined the infant and palpated the testes in the
inguinal canal. Which of the following terms is used to
describe this condition? - ANSWER>>Cryptorchism
A 28-year-old woman who is 8 months pregnant
goes to the outpatient clinic for her prenatal checkup.
Ultrasound examination of the fetus reveals gastroschisis,
with herniation of the small bowel into the amniotic
cavity. Failure of proper formation of which of the
following structure(s) has resulted in this condition? - ANSWER>>Lateral folds
Rotation of the stomach during development results
in movement of the left vagus nerve from its
original position. Through approximately how many
degrees of rotation does the nerve move, and what is
its final position? - ANSWER>>90 ° to become the anterior vagal trunk
A newborn baby was diagnosed with eventration
of the diaphragm, wherein one half of the diaphragm
ascends into the thorax during inspiration, but the
other half contracts normally. What is the most likely
, cause of this condition? - ANSWER>>Absence of musculature in one half of the
diaphragm
A 2-day-old newborn male is cyanotic after attempts
to swallow milk result in collection of the milk
in his mouth. After 2 days he develops pneumonia. A
tracheoesophageal fistula is suspected. Which of the
following structures has failed to develop properly? - ANSWER>>Tracheoesophageal septum
A 3-day-old male newborn has difficulties in
breathing. A CT scan of his chest and abdomen reveals
the absence of the central tendon of the diaphragm.
Which of the following structures failed to develop
properly? - ANSWER>>Septum transversum
A 2-day-old female infant with fever is examined
by the pediatric team. Imaging reveals malrotation of
the small intestine without fixation of the mesenteries.
The vessels around the duodenojejunal junction are
obstructed and the intestine is at risk of becoming gangrenous. Which of the following has occurred to
cause
the obstruction? - ANSWER>>Midgut volvulus
A 5-day-old male infant is diagnosed with
Hirschsprung disease. CT scan examination reveals an
abnormally dilated colon. Which of the following is the
most likely embryologic mechanism responsible for
Hirschsprung disease? - ANSWER>>Failure of neural crest cells to migrate into the
walls of the colon
A 1-day-old infant has a mass protruding through
her umbilicus. Physical examination reveals an umbilical
hernia. A CT scan reveals that part of another organ
is attached to the inner surface of the hernia. What
portion of the gastrointestinal tract is most likely to be
attached to the inner surface of the umbilical hernia? - ANSWER>>Ileum
A 38-year-old pregnant woman is admitted to the
emergency department with severe vaginal bleeding.
Ultrasound examination confirms the initial diagnosis
of ectopic pregnancy. Which of the following is the
most common site of an ectopic pregnancy? - ANSWER>>Uterine tubes
A 23-year-old woman is admitted with severe abdominal
pain, nausea, and vomiting. History taking
shows that the pain is acute and has been constant for
4 days. The pain began in the epigastric region and radiated bilaterally around the chest to just below the
scapulae. Currently the pain is localized in the right hypochondrium. A CT scan examination reveals
calcified
