,Preload - CORRECT ANSWERS-How much the ventricles stretch at the end of diastole.
Afterload - CORRECT ANSWERS-Resistance the heart must overcome during systole
to pump blood into circulation
SVR: 700-1200
Central Venous Pressure (CVP) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Used to estimate preload.
Pressure in Vena Cava
2-6mm Hg
Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Pressure in pulmonary
artery
8-20mm HG
Stroke Volume - CORRECT ANSWERS-Blood ejected from left ventricle with each
contraction
60-100Ml/beat
Cardiac Output (CO) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Volume of blood pumped per minute
CO=SVxHR
4-8ml/min
Cardiac Index - CORRECT ANSWERS-CO relative to patient size
CI=CO/BSA
2.5-4L/min/m2
Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) - CORRECT ANSWERS-The resistance that
blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels. SVR is related to the
amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel.
SVR=80*(MAP-CVP)/CO
700-1200 dyne
Pulmonary Artery Occlusion Pressure (PAOP) - CORRECT ANSWERS-left arterial
pressure
Use a swan catheter to measure
6-12mm HG
,Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) - CORRECT ANSWERS-vascular resistance to
blood flow in the lungs
PVR=80*(MAP-PAOP)/CI
255-285dynes
Left Ventricular end-diastolic pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS-pressure before systole
5-12mm HG
What does increased BNP indicate? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Ventricular wall stress
(MI/HF)
What are cardiac enzymes - CORRECT ANSWERS-troponin and CK-MB, BNP
P wave - CORRECT ANSWERS-atrial depolarization
0.06-0.11 seconds
PR interval - CORRECT ANSWERS-AV conduction
0.12-0.20 Seconds
QRS Complex - CORRECT ANSWERS-ventricular depolarization (contraction)
0.08-0.12 seconds
T wave - CORRECT ANSWERS-repolarization of ventricles
U Wave - CORRECT ANSWERS-late repolarization of he HIS-Purkinje system
QT Interval - CORRECT ANSWERS-Total time of ventricular depolarization and
repolarization
0.36-0.44 seconds
ST segment - CORRECT ANSWERS-ventricular repolarization
RR Interval - CORRECT ANSWERS-Distance between QRS complex
ACE Inhibitors (-prils) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Lower SVR = Lower BP
Contraindicated in hyperkalemia
Alpha1 adrenergic agonist (Midodrine/phenylephrine) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Increase
SVR = Increase BP
, Arterial Vasodilators (Hydralazine, minoxidil) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Relax vascular
smooth muscle leading to arterial vasodilatation
SE: reflex tachycardia
Angiotensin 2 receptor blockers: ARBS (-Sartan) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Lower SVR =
Lower BP
Similar MOA as ACE inhibitors but has fewer SE
SE: hyperkalemia/renal impairment
Anticoagulants (warfarin, apixaban, rivaroxaban,enoxaparin, heparin) - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Causes a disruption of clotting factors
Antidysrhythmic (amiodarone, flecainide, procainamide, sotalol) - CORRECT
ANSWERS-suppress arrhythmias
SE: Bradycardia, liver dysfunction
Beta-adrenergic antagonist (beta blockers-lol) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Lower BP and
HR. Decrease CO and slow AV node conduction
Calcium Channel Blockers (amlodipine, nicardipine, diltiazem, verapamil) - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Causes coronary artery vasodialation= slow cardiac conduction, decreased
HR and decreased myocardial contraction.
SE: Pedal Edema, facial flushing
Cardiac glycosides (Digoxin) - CORRECT ANSWERS-increase myocardial contraction
and decrease HR and slows conduction. Increases CO
SE: vison changes, renal impairment
Central Alpha2 agonist (Clonidine, methyldopa) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Causes
vasodilation = decrease SVR/HR/contractility
SE: bradycardia
Loop Diuretics (furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide) - CORRECT ANSWERS-increase
excretion of water and electrolytes. Can cause hypokalemia
Nitrates (nitroprusside, nitroglycerin) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Vasodilation= decrease
preload/afterload/CO = reduces work effort LV
Afterload - CORRECT ANSWERS-Resistance the heart must overcome during systole
to pump blood into circulation
SVR: 700-1200
Central Venous Pressure (CVP) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Used to estimate preload.
Pressure in Vena Cava
2-6mm Hg
Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Pressure in pulmonary
artery
8-20mm HG
Stroke Volume - CORRECT ANSWERS-Blood ejected from left ventricle with each
contraction
60-100Ml/beat
Cardiac Output (CO) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Volume of blood pumped per minute
CO=SVxHR
4-8ml/min
Cardiac Index - CORRECT ANSWERS-CO relative to patient size
CI=CO/BSA
2.5-4L/min/m2
Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) - CORRECT ANSWERS-The resistance that
blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels. SVR is related to the
amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel.
SVR=80*(MAP-CVP)/CO
700-1200 dyne
Pulmonary Artery Occlusion Pressure (PAOP) - CORRECT ANSWERS-left arterial
pressure
Use a swan catheter to measure
6-12mm HG
,Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) - CORRECT ANSWERS-vascular resistance to
blood flow in the lungs
PVR=80*(MAP-PAOP)/CI
255-285dynes
Left Ventricular end-diastolic pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS-pressure before systole
5-12mm HG
What does increased BNP indicate? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Ventricular wall stress
(MI/HF)
What are cardiac enzymes - CORRECT ANSWERS-troponin and CK-MB, BNP
P wave - CORRECT ANSWERS-atrial depolarization
0.06-0.11 seconds
PR interval - CORRECT ANSWERS-AV conduction
0.12-0.20 Seconds
QRS Complex - CORRECT ANSWERS-ventricular depolarization (contraction)
0.08-0.12 seconds
T wave - CORRECT ANSWERS-repolarization of ventricles
U Wave - CORRECT ANSWERS-late repolarization of he HIS-Purkinje system
QT Interval - CORRECT ANSWERS-Total time of ventricular depolarization and
repolarization
0.36-0.44 seconds
ST segment - CORRECT ANSWERS-ventricular repolarization
RR Interval - CORRECT ANSWERS-Distance between QRS complex
ACE Inhibitors (-prils) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Lower SVR = Lower BP
Contraindicated in hyperkalemia
Alpha1 adrenergic agonist (Midodrine/phenylephrine) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Increase
SVR = Increase BP
, Arterial Vasodilators (Hydralazine, minoxidil) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Relax vascular
smooth muscle leading to arterial vasodilatation
SE: reflex tachycardia
Angiotensin 2 receptor blockers: ARBS (-Sartan) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Lower SVR =
Lower BP
Similar MOA as ACE inhibitors but has fewer SE
SE: hyperkalemia/renal impairment
Anticoagulants (warfarin, apixaban, rivaroxaban,enoxaparin, heparin) - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Causes a disruption of clotting factors
Antidysrhythmic (amiodarone, flecainide, procainamide, sotalol) - CORRECT
ANSWERS-suppress arrhythmias
SE: Bradycardia, liver dysfunction
Beta-adrenergic antagonist (beta blockers-lol) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Lower BP and
HR. Decrease CO and slow AV node conduction
Calcium Channel Blockers (amlodipine, nicardipine, diltiazem, verapamil) - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Causes coronary artery vasodialation= slow cardiac conduction, decreased
HR and decreased myocardial contraction.
SE: Pedal Edema, facial flushing
Cardiac glycosides (Digoxin) - CORRECT ANSWERS-increase myocardial contraction
and decrease HR and slows conduction. Increases CO
SE: vison changes, renal impairment
Central Alpha2 agonist (Clonidine, methyldopa) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Causes
vasodilation = decrease SVR/HR/contractility
SE: bradycardia
Loop Diuretics (furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide) - CORRECT ANSWERS-increase
excretion of water and electrolytes. Can cause hypokalemia
Nitrates (nitroprusside, nitroglycerin) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Vasodilation= decrease
preload/afterload/CO = reduces work effort LV
