A&P:1 Ultimate Comprehensive Final
Exam Study Guide
Anatomy - correct answer is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts.
Physiology - correct answer is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole
Gross (macroscopic) anatomy - correct answer is the study of body parts visible to the naked
eye, such as the heart or bones.
Histology - correct answer is the study of tissues at the microscopic level.
Cytology - correct answer is the study of cells at the microscopic level
Neurophysiology - correct answer is the study of how the nervous system functions.
atoms, molecules - correct answer the chemical bonds between atoms provide the framework
upon which all living activity is based.
cell - correct answer the smallest unit of life
Organelles - correct answer within the cell are specialized bodies performing specific cellular
functions
tissue - correct answer is a group of similar cells performing a common function. Muscle tissue,
for example, consists of muscle cells.
organ - correct answer is a group of different kinds of tissues working together to perform a
particular activity. The heart is an organ composed of muscle, nervous, connective, and
epithelial tissues.
organ system - correct answer is two or more organs working together to accomplish a
particular task. The digestive system, for example, involves the coordinated activities of many
organs, including the mouth, stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, and liver.
organism - correct answer is a system possessing the characteristics of living things—the ability
to obtain and process energy, the ability to respond to environmental changes, and the ability
to reproduce.
homeostasis - correct answer The maintenance of stable, internal conditions within specific
limits. In many cases, stable conditions are maintained by negative feedback.
negative feedback - correct answer a sensing mechanism (a receptor) detects a change in
conditions beyond specific limits
positive feedback - correct answer which an action intensifies a condition so that it is driven
farther beyond normal limits
, A&P:1 Ultimate Comprehensive Final
Exam Study Guide
Sagittal planes - correct answer divide a body or organ vertically into right and left parts. If the
right and left parts are equal, the plane is a midsagittal plane; if they're unequal, the plane is a
parasagittal plane
frontal (coronal) plane - correct answer divides the body or organ vertically into front
(anterior) and rear (posterior) parts.
horizontal (transverse) plane - correct answer divides the body or organ horizontally into top
(superior) and bottom (inferior) parts. This is also known as a cross‐section.
posterior/dorsal - correct answer body cavity includes the cranial cavity (which contains the
brain) and the vertebral cavity (which contains the spinal cord).
anterior/ventral - correct answer body cavity includes the thoracic cavity (which contains the
lungs, each in its own pleural cavity, and the heart, in the pericardial cavity) and the
abdominopelvic cavity (which contains the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity and the
bladder and reproductive organs in the pelvic cavity).
Squamous cells - correct answer are flat. The nucleus, located near the upper surface, gives
these cells the appearance of a fried egg.
Cuboidal cells - correct answer are cube‐ or hexagon‐shaped with a central, round nucleus.
Columnar cells - correct answer are tall with an oval nucleus near the basement membrane.
Simple epithelium - correct answer describes a single layer of cells
Stratified epithelium - correct answer describes epithelium consisting of multiple layers.
Pseudostratified epithelium - correct answer describes a single layer of cells of different sizes,
giving the appearance of being multilayered.
Epidermis - correct answer the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and
creates our skin tone
Stratum corneum - correct answer most superficial layer of the epidermis and is the layer
exposed to the outside environment
Melanocyte - correct answer cells that produce the pigment, melanin
Basal cell - correct answer cuboidal-shaped stem cell that is a precursor of the keratinocytes of
the epidermis
Sebaceous gland - correct answer produces and secretes an oily substance that lubricates the
skin and hair.
Exam Study Guide
Anatomy - correct answer is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts.
Physiology - correct answer is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole
Gross (macroscopic) anatomy - correct answer is the study of body parts visible to the naked
eye, such as the heart or bones.
Histology - correct answer is the study of tissues at the microscopic level.
Cytology - correct answer is the study of cells at the microscopic level
Neurophysiology - correct answer is the study of how the nervous system functions.
atoms, molecules - correct answer the chemical bonds between atoms provide the framework
upon which all living activity is based.
cell - correct answer the smallest unit of life
Organelles - correct answer within the cell are specialized bodies performing specific cellular
functions
tissue - correct answer is a group of similar cells performing a common function. Muscle tissue,
for example, consists of muscle cells.
organ - correct answer is a group of different kinds of tissues working together to perform a
particular activity. The heart is an organ composed of muscle, nervous, connective, and
epithelial tissues.
organ system - correct answer is two or more organs working together to accomplish a
particular task. The digestive system, for example, involves the coordinated activities of many
organs, including the mouth, stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, and liver.
organism - correct answer is a system possessing the characteristics of living things—the ability
to obtain and process energy, the ability to respond to environmental changes, and the ability
to reproduce.
homeostasis - correct answer The maintenance of stable, internal conditions within specific
limits. In many cases, stable conditions are maintained by negative feedback.
negative feedback - correct answer a sensing mechanism (a receptor) detects a change in
conditions beyond specific limits
positive feedback - correct answer which an action intensifies a condition so that it is driven
farther beyond normal limits
, A&P:1 Ultimate Comprehensive Final
Exam Study Guide
Sagittal planes - correct answer divide a body or organ vertically into right and left parts. If the
right and left parts are equal, the plane is a midsagittal plane; if they're unequal, the plane is a
parasagittal plane
frontal (coronal) plane - correct answer divides the body or organ vertically into front
(anterior) and rear (posterior) parts.
horizontal (transverse) plane - correct answer divides the body or organ horizontally into top
(superior) and bottom (inferior) parts. This is also known as a cross‐section.
posterior/dorsal - correct answer body cavity includes the cranial cavity (which contains the
brain) and the vertebral cavity (which contains the spinal cord).
anterior/ventral - correct answer body cavity includes the thoracic cavity (which contains the
lungs, each in its own pleural cavity, and the heart, in the pericardial cavity) and the
abdominopelvic cavity (which contains the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity and the
bladder and reproductive organs in the pelvic cavity).
Squamous cells - correct answer are flat. The nucleus, located near the upper surface, gives
these cells the appearance of a fried egg.
Cuboidal cells - correct answer are cube‐ or hexagon‐shaped with a central, round nucleus.
Columnar cells - correct answer are tall with an oval nucleus near the basement membrane.
Simple epithelium - correct answer describes a single layer of cells
Stratified epithelium - correct answer describes epithelium consisting of multiple layers.
Pseudostratified epithelium - correct answer describes a single layer of cells of different sizes,
giving the appearance of being multilayered.
Epidermis - correct answer the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and
creates our skin tone
Stratum corneum - correct answer most superficial layer of the epidermis and is the layer
exposed to the outside environment
Melanocyte - correct answer cells that produce the pigment, melanin
Basal cell - correct answer cuboidal-shaped stem cell that is a precursor of the keratinocytes of
the epidermis
Sebaceous gland - correct answer produces and secretes an oily substance that lubricates the
skin and hair.
