Maryville Patho NURS 611 Exam 2. dr.
wunderlich Exam with correct answers
Which body system is responsible for conserving energy and body resources - correct answer -
Parasympathetic nervous system
which system responds to stress by preparing the body to defend itself - correct answer -Sympathetic
nervous system (SNS)
how is blood flow redistributed by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) - correct answer -blood flow to
the muscles is increased while blood flow to GI and integumentary is decreased
how are primary brain injuries classified - correct answer -focal or diffuse (aka multifocal)
focal brain injuries - correct answer -specific, grossly observable brain lesions that occur in a precise
location
Epidural and subdural hemorrhages
diffuse brain injuries - correct answer -include brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis, encephalitis, and
damage to blood vessels
The brain is confined in a limited space so increased pressure can cause collateral dysfunction: Diabetes
Insipidus (ADH not secreted thus polyuria)
autonomic hyperreflexia - correct answer -affected at the t5-t6 level or above; characterized by
paroxysmal HTN (up to 300 mmHg systolic), a pounding headache, blurred vision, sweating above the
level of the lesion with flushing of the skin, nasal congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotor
spasm, and bradycardia (30-40 beats/min)
location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia - correct answer -individual most likely to be
affected have lesions at the T5-T6 level or above
,sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia - correct answer -bradycardia (30-
40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia
Stimulation of the carotid sinus -->vagus nerve -->sinoatrial (SA) node. The intact ANS reflexively
responds with an arteriolar spasm that increases blood pressure. Baroreceptors in the cerebral vessels,
the carotid sinus, and the aorta sense the HTN and stimulate the PNS. The heart rate decreases, but the
visceral and peripheral vessels do not dilate because efferent impulses cannot pass through the cord
Alzheimer's disease - correct answer -leading cause of dementia and one of the most common causes of
severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults
what are the greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease - correct answer -age, family history
what are the proposed protective factors for Alzheimer's disease - correct answer -low calorie diets,
estrogen replacement at time of menopause, NSAIDs, physical activity, antioxidants, the presence of
apoE2
what genetic susceptibility tests are used to screen for early-onset AD - correct answer -PSEN 1
(presenilin) on chromosome 14, PSEN 2, and APP (amyloid precursor protein) on chromosome 21
When can a specific diagnosis of AD be given - correct answer -postmortem examination
what is the single greatest risk factor for stroke - correct answer -hypertension (87% of occurrences)
what are common risk factors for stroke - correct answer -arterial HTN, insulin resistance and DM,
elevated cholesterol or low high density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated lipoprotein- A level,
hyperhomocysteinemia, congestive heart disease and PVD, asymptomatic carotid stenosis, polycythemia
and thrombocythemia, a-fib, postmenopausal hormone therapy, high sodium intake above 2300mg, low
potassium intake less than 4700mg, smoking, lack of physical activity, obesity, chronic sleep deprivation
which autoimmune disease typically presents 2-4 weeks following a bacterial/viral infection such as
respiratory or GI illness (ex: flu) - correct answer -Guillain-Barre syndrome
, Describe the progression of Guillain-Barre symptoms - correct answer -typical first manifestations are
numbness, pain, paresthesias, or weakness in the limbs. Paresis/paralysis may present in an ascending
pattern
when can improvement be expected with Guillain-Barre - correct answer -weakness usually plateaus or
improves by the 4th week in 90% of cases
Myasthenia Gravis - correct answer -a chronic autoimmune disease that is mediated by Ach receptor
antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junction. The antibodies prevent normal reception for muscle
contraction
myasthenia gravis clinical manifestations - correct answer --exertional fatigue and weakness that
worsens with activity, improves with rest, and recurs with resumption of activity
-a recent history of recurring upper resp tract infections
-diplopia, ptosis, and ocular palsies
-facial droop and an expressionless face; difficulty chewing and swallowing associated with dietary
changes and weight loss; drooling
-episodes of choking and aspiration
Graves disease - correct answer -Graves disease is a result of autoantibodies binding to the TSH receptor
sites. This leads to hyperthyroidism
acute pain - correct answer -an event; cause often known; lasts less than 6 months; sudden onset;
clinical signs include increased pulse rate, elevated bp, increased rr, diaphoresis, and dilated pupils;
prognosis is usually complete relief
low back pain - correct answer -most common chronic pain condition
chronic pain - correct answer -constant situation; cause may be unknown; can be sudden or slow onset;
duration is prolonged and persistent; complete relief rarely occurs
myofascial pain syndromes - correct answer -second most common chronic pain condition resulting
from muscle spasms, tenderness and stiffness; ex: myalgia, muscle strain
wunderlich Exam with correct answers
Which body system is responsible for conserving energy and body resources - correct answer -
Parasympathetic nervous system
which system responds to stress by preparing the body to defend itself - correct answer -Sympathetic
nervous system (SNS)
how is blood flow redistributed by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) - correct answer -blood flow to
the muscles is increased while blood flow to GI and integumentary is decreased
how are primary brain injuries classified - correct answer -focal or diffuse (aka multifocal)
focal brain injuries - correct answer -specific, grossly observable brain lesions that occur in a precise
location
Epidural and subdural hemorrhages
diffuse brain injuries - correct answer -include brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis, encephalitis, and
damage to blood vessels
The brain is confined in a limited space so increased pressure can cause collateral dysfunction: Diabetes
Insipidus (ADH not secreted thus polyuria)
autonomic hyperreflexia - correct answer -affected at the t5-t6 level or above; characterized by
paroxysmal HTN (up to 300 mmHg systolic), a pounding headache, blurred vision, sweating above the
level of the lesion with flushing of the skin, nasal congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotor
spasm, and bradycardia (30-40 beats/min)
location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia - correct answer -individual most likely to be
affected have lesions at the T5-T6 level or above
,sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia - correct answer -bradycardia (30-
40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia
Stimulation of the carotid sinus -->vagus nerve -->sinoatrial (SA) node. The intact ANS reflexively
responds with an arteriolar spasm that increases blood pressure. Baroreceptors in the cerebral vessels,
the carotid sinus, and the aorta sense the HTN and stimulate the PNS. The heart rate decreases, but the
visceral and peripheral vessels do not dilate because efferent impulses cannot pass through the cord
Alzheimer's disease - correct answer -leading cause of dementia and one of the most common causes of
severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults
what are the greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease - correct answer -age, family history
what are the proposed protective factors for Alzheimer's disease - correct answer -low calorie diets,
estrogen replacement at time of menopause, NSAIDs, physical activity, antioxidants, the presence of
apoE2
what genetic susceptibility tests are used to screen for early-onset AD - correct answer -PSEN 1
(presenilin) on chromosome 14, PSEN 2, and APP (amyloid precursor protein) on chromosome 21
When can a specific diagnosis of AD be given - correct answer -postmortem examination
what is the single greatest risk factor for stroke - correct answer -hypertension (87% of occurrences)
what are common risk factors for stroke - correct answer -arterial HTN, insulin resistance and DM,
elevated cholesterol or low high density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated lipoprotein- A level,
hyperhomocysteinemia, congestive heart disease and PVD, asymptomatic carotid stenosis, polycythemia
and thrombocythemia, a-fib, postmenopausal hormone therapy, high sodium intake above 2300mg, low
potassium intake less than 4700mg, smoking, lack of physical activity, obesity, chronic sleep deprivation
which autoimmune disease typically presents 2-4 weeks following a bacterial/viral infection such as
respiratory or GI illness (ex: flu) - correct answer -Guillain-Barre syndrome
, Describe the progression of Guillain-Barre symptoms - correct answer -typical first manifestations are
numbness, pain, paresthesias, or weakness in the limbs. Paresis/paralysis may present in an ascending
pattern
when can improvement be expected with Guillain-Barre - correct answer -weakness usually plateaus or
improves by the 4th week in 90% of cases
Myasthenia Gravis - correct answer -a chronic autoimmune disease that is mediated by Ach receptor
antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junction. The antibodies prevent normal reception for muscle
contraction
myasthenia gravis clinical manifestations - correct answer --exertional fatigue and weakness that
worsens with activity, improves with rest, and recurs with resumption of activity
-a recent history of recurring upper resp tract infections
-diplopia, ptosis, and ocular palsies
-facial droop and an expressionless face; difficulty chewing and swallowing associated with dietary
changes and weight loss; drooling
-episodes of choking and aspiration
Graves disease - correct answer -Graves disease is a result of autoantibodies binding to the TSH receptor
sites. This leads to hyperthyroidism
acute pain - correct answer -an event; cause often known; lasts less than 6 months; sudden onset;
clinical signs include increased pulse rate, elevated bp, increased rr, diaphoresis, and dilated pupils;
prognosis is usually complete relief
low back pain - correct answer -most common chronic pain condition
chronic pain - correct answer -constant situation; cause may be unknown; can be sudden or slow onset;
duration is prolonged and persistent; complete relief rarely occurs
myofascial pain syndromes - correct answer -second most common chronic pain condition resulting
from muscle spasms, tenderness and stiffness; ex: myalgia, muscle strain
