Brooks Biological Principles Exam 2
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Cytology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- the study of cells
Cell Theory - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- all living things are composed of cells and come
from living cells
Robert Hooke - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- one of the first to use microscope, observing a
piece of cork from the stem of plants, where he found chambers arising in the idea of a cell.
Light Microscope - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- takes pictures of large atoms.
nucleus, not electrons
Scanning Electron Microscope - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- electrons are reflected off of a
specimen and are analyzed by a computer to create a 3D image
Transmission Electron Microscope - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Microtome: a tool used to
cut extremely *thin* slices of material for observation under a TEM. Microtomes are often
made of diamonds
Can you see electrons using the electron microscopes? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- No, can
only see neutrons & protons
Why are most cells small? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- To maximize the ratio of surface
area to volume for regulating the internal cell environment
Smaller cells have bigger membranes
Does cell need a bigger surface area or volume? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- surface area
Plasma Membrane - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- aka "Fluid Mosaic Model"
,composed of fluidlike phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol (*helps maintain proper
fluid viscosity*), and glycoproteins (antigens: "name tags" for immune system)
"self" antigen: produced by the body
"not self" antigen: not produced by the body so antigens will attack this
Get sick more when younger because body is still learning these "name tags"
Arthritis: autoimmune disease where the body attacks itself
Pollen grain: not self, antigens will attack = phagocytosis
involved in *ATP production* and the electron transport system
Cell Wall - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- outside of the cell membrane in some organisms
(plants); composed of carbohydrates or carbohydrate derivatives (peptidoglycan for bacteria)
Cytoplasm - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- material outside the nucleus
• site for metabolic activity
• cytosol: solution with dissolved substances such as glucose, CO2, & O2, etc
• organelles: membrane-bound subunits of cells with specialized functions
Cytoskeleton - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- supportive and metabolic structure composed of
microtubules (*biggest, tubular dimers*), microfilaments (*smallest, actin*), and
intermediate filaments
Microtubules - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- form cilia (*numerous & short*) , flagella (
*long, usually 1 or 2*) , & centrioles
Prokaryotes - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- have a simple cellular organization with no
nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
• nucleoid w/ DNA in continuous loop
• 360 flagella rotation
• ribosomes present
• plasma membrane produces ATP
• cell wall
Ex: Bacteria & Archaea
, Eukaryotes - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- have a complex cellular organization; membrane-
bound organelles, located inside the cell membrane
Nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- contains the dna in form of chromosomes; control
cellular activities via gene
Nucleolus - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- located in the nucleus, the site for ribosome
synthesis
Rough ER - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- has ribosomes, necessary for protein synthesis
Smooth ER - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- no ribosomes, involve in lipids synthesis
Golgi Apparatus - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- packaging center for molecules; synthesizes
carbohydrates
Lysosome - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- contains hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular
digestion
Peroxisome - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- involved in hydrogen peroxide synthesis and
degradation
Chloroplast - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- site of photosynthesis
Chromoplast - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- contains nongreen pigments
Leukoplast - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- stores starch
Mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- produces ATP, aerobic
mitochondria have their *own* DNA and mitochondrial DNA *doesn't change* as much,
showing a clearer view of *phylogeny*
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Cytology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- the study of cells
Cell Theory - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- all living things are composed of cells and come
from living cells
Robert Hooke - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- one of the first to use microscope, observing a
piece of cork from the stem of plants, where he found chambers arising in the idea of a cell.
Light Microscope - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- takes pictures of large atoms.
nucleus, not electrons
Scanning Electron Microscope - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- electrons are reflected off of a
specimen and are analyzed by a computer to create a 3D image
Transmission Electron Microscope - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Microtome: a tool used to
cut extremely *thin* slices of material for observation under a TEM. Microtomes are often
made of diamonds
Can you see electrons using the electron microscopes? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- No, can
only see neutrons & protons
Why are most cells small? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- To maximize the ratio of surface
area to volume for regulating the internal cell environment
Smaller cells have bigger membranes
Does cell need a bigger surface area or volume? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- surface area
Plasma Membrane - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- aka "Fluid Mosaic Model"
,composed of fluidlike phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol (*helps maintain proper
fluid viscosity*), and glycoproteins (antigens: "name tags" for immune system)
"self" antigen: produced by the body
"not self" antigen: not produced by the body so antigens will attack this
Get sick more when younger because body is still learning these "name tags"
Arthritis: autoimmune disease where the body attacks itself
Pollen grain: not self, antigens will attack = phagocytosis
involved in *ATP production* and the electron transport system
Cell Wall - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- outside of the cell membrane in some organisms
(plants); composed of carbohydrates or carbohydrate derivatives (peptidoglycan for bacteria)
Cytoplasm - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- material outside the nucleus
• site for metabolic activity
• cytosol: solution with dissolved substances such as glucose, CO2, & O2, etc
• organelles: membrane-bound subunits of cells with specialized functions
Cytoskeleton - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- supportive and metabolic structure composed of
microtubules (*biggest, tubular dimers*), microfilaments (*smallest, actin*), and
intermediate filaments
Microtubules - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- form cilia (*numerous & short*) , flagella (
*long, usually 1 or 2*) , & centrioles
Prokaryotes - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- have a simple cellular organization with no
nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
• nucleoid w/ DNA in continuous loop
• 360 flagella rotation
• ribosomes present
• plasma membrane produces ATP
• cell wall
Ex: Bacteria & Archaea
, Eukaryotes - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- have a complex cellular organization; membrane-
bound organelles, located inside the cell membrane
Nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- contains the dna in form of chromosomes; control
cellular activities via gene
Nucleolus - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- located in the nucleus, the site for ribosome
synthesis
Rough ER - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- has ribosomes, necessary for protein synthesis
Smooth ER - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- no ribosomes, involve in lipids synthesis
Golgi Apparatus - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- packaging center for molecules; synthesizes
carbohydrates
Lysosome - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- contains hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular
digestion
Peroxisome - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- involved in hydrogen peroxide synthesis and
degradation
Chloroplast - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- site of photosynthesis
Chromoplast - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- contains nongreen pigments
Leukoplast - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- stores starch
Mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- produces ATP, aerobic
mitochondria have their *own* DNA and mitochondrial DNA *doesn't change* as much,
showing a clearer view of *phylogeny*
