Test Bank For Biological Psychology,
14th Edition, James W. Kalat || Complete
Guide A+ Correct Answers And Well
Revised paper||Latest Update 2024
This is the: Mind-brain problem or mind-body problem - Correct Answer>>What is
the relationship between mental experience and brain activity?
Biological Psychology - Correct Answer>>Is the study of the physiological,
evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience.
Physiological Explanation - Correct Answer>>- Relates a behavior to the activity of
the brain and other organs.
- Deals with the machinery of the body, for example, the chemical reactions that
enable hormones to influence brain activity and the routes by which brain activity
controls muscle contractions.
Evolutionary Explanation - Correct Answer>>Reconstructs the evolutionary history
of a structure or behavior. The characteristic features of an animal are almost
always modifications of something found in ancestral species.
Functional Explanation - Correct Answer>>Describes WHY a structure or behavior
evolved as it did.
DNA - Correct Answer>>Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- serves as a template for the synthesis of RNA
- contains four "bases," in any order (which in turn determines the order of
corresponding bases along an RNA molecule):
1. Adenine
2. Guanine
3. Cytosine
4. Thymine
RNA - Correct Answer>>RiboNucleic Acid (RNA)
,- A single-stranded chemical synthesized according to DNA instructions
- Four "bases" of an RNA molecule:
1. Adenine
2. Guanine
3. Cytosine
4. Uracil
- The order of these bases along an RNA molecule in turn determines the order of
amino acids that compose a protein.
- For Example:
If three RNA bases are, in order, cytosine, adenine, and guanine, then the protein
adds the amino acid glutamine. If the next three RNA bases are uracil, guanine, and
guanine, the next amino acid on the protein is tryptophan.
Proteins - Correct Answer>>In total, proteins consist of 20 amino acids, and the
order of this amino acids depends on the order of DNA and RNA bases.
Gene - Correct Answer>>- Portion of a chromosome
- Come in pairs because they are aligned along chromosomes that also come in
pairs.
- Are dominant, recessive, or intermediate.
Dominant Gene - Correct Answer>>Shows strong effect in either homozygous or
heterozygous condition.
Recessive Gene - Correct Answer>>Shows it's effects only in the homozygous
condition (when both genes are identical)
Sex-linked Genes - Correct Answer>>- Genes on the sex chromosomes (X and Y).
- XX = Female
- XY = Male
- Recessive, sex-linked gene: red/green color deficiency
,Sex-limited Genes - Correct Answer>>- Present in both sexes, generally on
autosomal chromosomes, but active mainly in one sex.
- For example: genes that control the amount of chest hair in men, breast size in
women, etc.
X Chromosome (inherited from the mother always, father sometimes) - Correct
Answer>>- Has genes for about 1,500 proteins
Y Chromosome (Male chromosome) - Correct Answer>>- Has genes for only 27
proteins, far fewer than other chromosomes.
-
Autosomal Genes - Correct Answer>>Autosomal chromosomes (non-sex-linked
genes)
Chromosome - Correct Answer>>Composed of the double-stranded molecule, DNA
Enzymes - Correct Answer>>Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in
the body.
Homozygous - Correct Answer>>Anyone with an identical pair of genes on the two
chromosomes is HOMOZYGOUS for that gene.
Heterozygous - Correct Answer>>Anyone with an unmatched pair of genes is
HETEROZYGOUS for that gene.
Gene Mutations - Correct Answer>>- Mutation: Heritable change in a DNA molecule
- Duplication or deletion
- Microduplication or microdeletion: when it happens to just a tiny portion of a
chromosome
- Various experiences can also turn a gene on or off. For example, a mother rat is
malnourished during pregnancy, her offspring alter the expression of certain genes
to conserve energy and adjust to a world in which food will presumable be hard to
find. If in fact rich food becomes abundant later in life, those offspring are
, predisposed, because of their gene expression, to a high probability of obesity and
heart disease.
Epigenetics - Correct Answer>>Field of study that deals with the changes in gene
expression without modification of the DNA sequence.
PKU - Correct Answer>>- Phenylketonuria
- Genetic inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine.
- If not treated, phenylalanine accumulates to toxic levels, impairing brain
development and leaving children mentally retarded, restless, and irritable.
Evolution - Correct Answer>>A change over generations in the frequencies of
various genes in a population
- Note that, by this definition, evolution includes ANY change in gene frequencies,
regardless of whether it helps or harms the species in the long run.
Artificial Selection - Correct Answer>>Choosing individuals with a desirable trait
and make them the parents of the next generation.
Lemarckian Evolution - Correct Answer>>Theory of evolution through the
inheritance f acquired characteristics.
- i.e: if you exercise your arm muscles, your children will be born with bigger arm
muscles, and if you fail to use your little toes, your children's little toes will be
smaller than yours.
Evolutionary Psychology - Correct Answer>>- Concerns how behaviors evolved.
- Emphasis on EVOLUTIONARY and FUNCTIONAL explanations, that is, the presumed
genes of our ancestors and why natural selection might have favored genes that
promote certain behaviors.
- At it's best, evolutionary psychology leads to research that helps us understand
behavior.
Kin Selection - Correct Answer>>Selection for a gene that benefits the individual's
relatives.
14th Edition, James W. Kalat || Complete
Guide A+ Correct Answers And Well
Revised paper||Latest Update 2024
This is the: Mind-brain problem or mind-body problem - Correct Answer>>What is
the relationship between mental experience and brain activity?
Biological Psychology - Correct Answer>>Is the study of the physiological,
evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience.
Physiological Explanation - Correct Answer>>- Relates a behavior to the activity of
the brain and other organs.
- Deals with the machinery of the body, for example, the chemical reactions that
enable hormones to influence brain activity and the routes by which brain activity
controls muscle contractions.
Evolutionary Explanation - Correct Answer>>Reconstructs the evolutionary history
of a structure or behavior. The characteristic features of an animal are almost
always modifications of something found in ancestral species.
Functional Explanation - Correct Answer>>Describes WHY a structure or behavior
evolved as it did.
DNA - Correct Answer>>Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- serves as a template for the synthesis of RNA
- contains four "bases," in any order (which in turn determines the order of
corresponding bases along an RNA molecule):
1. Adenine
2. Guanine
3. Cytosine
4. Thymine
RNA - Correct Answer>>RiboNucleic Acid (RNA)
,- A single-stranded chemical synthesized according to DNA instructions
- Four "bases" of an RNA molecule:
1. Adenine
2. Guanine
3. Cytosine
4. Uracil
- The order of these bases along an RNA molecule in turn determines the order of
amino acids that compose a protein.
- For Example:
If three RNA bases are, in order, cytosine, adenine, and guanine, then the protein
adds the amino acid glutamine. If the next three RNA bases are uracil, guanine, and
guanine, the next amino acid on the protein is tryptophan.
Proteins - Correct Answer>>In total, proteins consist of 20 amino acids, and the
order of this amino acids depends on the order of DNA and RNA bases.
Gene - Correct Answer>>- Portion of a chromosome
- Come in pairs because they are aligned along chromosomes that also come in
pairs.
- Are dominant, recessive, or intermediate.
Dominant Gene - Correct Answer>>Shows strong effect in either homozygous or
heterozygous condition.
Recessive Gene - Correct Answer>>Shows it's effects only in the homozygous
condition (when both genes are identical)
Sex-linked Genes - Correct Answer>>- Genes on the sex chromosomes (X and Y).
- XX = Female
- XY = Male
- Recessive, sex-linked gene: red/green color deficiency
,Sex-limited Genes - Correct Answer>>- Present in both sexes, generally on
autosomal chromosomes, but active mainly in one sex.
- For example: genes that control the amount of chest hair in men, breast size in
women, etc.
X Chromosome (inherited from the mother always, father sometimes) - Correct
Answer>>- Has genes for about 1,500 proteins
Y Chromosome (Male chromosome) - Correct Answer>>- Has genes for only 27
proteins, far fewer than other chromosomes.
-
Autosomal Genes - Correct Answer>>Autosomal chromosomes (non-sex-linked
genes)
Chromosome - Correct Answer>>Composed of the double-stranded molecule, DNA
Enzymes - Correct Answer>>Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in
the body.
Homozygous - Correct Answer>>Anyone with an identical pair of genes on the two
chromosomes is HOMOZYGOUS for that gene.
Heterozygous - Correct Answer>>Anyone with an unmatched pair of genes is
HETEROZYGOUS for that gene.
Gene Mutations - Correct Answer>>- Mutation: Heritable change in a DNA molecule
- Duplication or deletion
- Microduplication or microdeletion: when it happens to just a tiny portion of a
chromosome
- Various experiences can also turn a gene on or off. For example, a mother rat is
malnourished during pregnancy, her offspring alter the expression of certain genes
to conserve energy and adjust to a world in which food will presumable be hard to
find. If in fact rich food becomes abundant later in life, those offspring are
, predisposed, because of their gene expression, to a high probability of obesity and
heart disease.
Epigenetics - Correct Answer>>Field of study that deals with the changes in gene
expression without modification of the DNA sequence.
PKU - Correct Answer>>- Phenylketonuria
- Genetic inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine.
- If not treated, phenylalanine accumulates to toxic levels, impairing brain
development and leaving children mentally retarded, restless, and irritable.
Evolution - Correct Answer>>A change over generations in the frequencies of
various genes in a population
- Note that, by this definition, evolution includes ANY change in gene frequencies,
regardless of whether it helps or harms the species in the long run.
Artificial Selection - Correct Answer>>Choosing individuals with a desirable trait
and make them the parents of the next generation.
Lemarckian Evolution - Correct Answer>>Theory of evolution through the
inheritance f acquired characteristics.
- i.e: if you exercise your arm muscles, your children will be born with bigger arm
muscles, and if you fail to use your little toes, your children's little toes will be
smaller than yours.
Evolutionary Psychology - Correct Answer>>- Concerns how behaviors evolved.
- Emphasis on EVOLUTIONARY and FUNCTIONAL explanations, that is, the presumed
genes of our ancestors and why natural selection might have favored genes that
promote certain behaviors.
- At it's best, evolutionary psychology leads to research that helps us understand
behavior.
Kin Selection - Correct Answer>>Selection for a gene that benefits the individual's
relatives.
