BIOD331 - Pathophysiology Module 3 Exam
With Complete Solution
What is the function of cellular immunity?
- T lymphocytes activate other T and B cells
- Control viral infections
- reject foreign tissue grafts
- activate autoimmune processes
- activate delayed hypersensitivity reactions
Define immunity.
Protection from disease
Define immune response.
The coordination of cells to provide protection
What are the two types of immune mechanisms?
Innate and adaptive
What is innate immunity?
First line of defense. A defense that occurs before infection and thus is an immediate
defense. Consists of physical, chemical, cellular, and molecular elements.
How can microorganisms gain entrance into the body?
Through skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts.
,How does the skin provide a defense?
1. The cells of the skin are closely packed, layered, and their outer layers are constantly
sloughing off and being replaced
2. Keratin forms a salty, acidic environment
3. Antimicrobial proteins and lysozymes are inhibitory to microorganisms
The initial immune response is ___________ defense as it is unable to distinguished
between various foreign agents.
Generalized
Name the 5 cells responsible for innate response.
1. Neutrophils
2. Macrophages
3. Dendritic cells
4. Natural killer cells
5. Intraepithelial lymphocytes
What are the two categories of leukocytes?
1. Granulocytes
2. Agranulocytes
What are granulocytes?
Leukocytes that contain granulues
What do granulocytes consist of?
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
,3. Basophils
What are agranulocytes?
Leukocytes that do not contain granules
What do agranulocytes consist of?
1. Monocytes
2. Macrophages
3. Lymphocytes
What are neutrophils and how do they work?
Most abundant cell in the body, 55% of all WBC's
Early active participant in innate immunity and kill microbes by phagocytosis.
What are eosinophils?
Comprise 1-4% of WBC
Activate in parasitic infection and allergic reactions.
What are basophils?
Release histamine and proteolytic enzymes
Involved in allergic and parasitic infections.
What is a macrophage?
1. live longer, resident tissue cells and first phagocyte that the organisms met
2. interact with neutrophils
What is the function of monocytes?
, Largest size but only 3-7% of WBC count.
Need to be released from bone marrow
Mature into macrophage and dendritic cells.
Participate in inflammatory response, phagocytosis foreign material.
What is the function of natural killer cell?
1. kill target organisms without spontaneous
2. kill certain types of tumor/infection cells without prior exposure to surface antigens
3. Disrupt the dissemination of infection
4. Contribute to adaptive immune reactions via the secretion of cytokines
5. Are involved in dendritic cell maturation and innate immune control of viral infections
What is a dendritic cell?
1. Immature cell in lymphoid tissue
2. Take in foreign agents and migrate to peripheral lymphoid organs
3. Capable of inducing adaptive immunity
adaptive immunity caused by substance referred to as
Antigens
What is an antigen?
Foreign substances that, when present in the body, elicit an adaptive immune response
Adaptive immunity takes some time to develop. It is achieved through:
With Complete Solution
What is the function of cellular immunity?
- T lymphocytes activate other T and B cells
- Control viral infections
- reject foreign tissue grafts
- activate autoimmune processes
- activate delayed hypersensitivity reactions
Define immunity.
Protection from disease
Define immune response.
The coordination of cells to provide protection
What are the two types of immune mechanisms?
Innate and adaptive
What is innate immunity?
First line of defense. A defense that occurs before infection and thus is an immediate
defense. Consists of physical, chemical, cellular, and molecular elements.
How can microorganisms gain entrance into the body?
Through skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts.
,How does the skin provide a defense?
1. The cells of the skin are closely packed, layered, and their outer layers are constantly
sloughing off and being replaced
2. Keratin forms a salty, acidic environment
3. Antimicrobial proteins and lysozymes are inhibitory to microorganisms
The initial immune response is ___________ defense as it is unable to distinguished
between various foreign agents.
Generalized
Name the 5 cells responsible for innate response.
1. Neutrophils
2. Macrophages
3. Dendritic cells
4. Natural killer cells
5. Intraepithelial lymphocytes
What are the two categories of leukocytes?
1. Granulocytes
2. Agranulocytes
What are granulocytes?
Leukocytes that contain granulues
What do granulocytes consist of?
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
,3. Basophils
What are agranulocytes?
Leukocytes that do not contain granules
What do agranulocytes consist of?
1. Monocytes
2. Macrophages
3. Lymphocytes
What are neutrophils and how do they work?
Most abundant cell in the body, 55% of all WBC's
Early active participant in innate immunity and kill microbes by phagocytosis.
What are eosinophils?
Comprise 1-4% of WBC
Activate in parasitic infection and allergic reactions.
What are basophils?
Release histamine and proteolytic enzymes
Involved in allergic and parasitic infections.
What is a macrophage?
1. live longer, resident tissue cells and first phagocyte that the organisms met
2. interact with neutrophils
What is the function of monocytes?
, Largest size but only 3-7% of WBC count.
Need to be released from bone marrow
Mature into macrophage and dendritic cells.
Participate in inflammatory response, phagocytosis foreign material.
What is the function of natural killer cell?
1. kill target organisms without spontaneous
2. kill certain types of tumor/infection cells without prior exposure to surface antigens
3. Disrupt the dissemination of infection
4. Contribute to adaptive immune reactions via the secretion of cytokines
5. Are involved in dendritic cell maturation and innate immune control of viral infections
What is a dendritic cell?
1. Immature cell in lymphoid tissue
2. Take in foreign agents and migrate to peripheral lymphoid organs
3. Capable of inducing adaptive immunity
adaptive immunity caused by substance referred to as
Antigens
What is an antigen?
Foreign substances that, when present in the body, elicit an adaptive immune response
Adaptive immunity takes some time to develop. It is achieved through:
