Exam (elaborations) NURS 221

protein️️Urea and creatinine are excreted by the kidneys. Urea is the end product of ____ metabolism. muscles️️Urea and creatinine are excreted by the kidneys. Creatinine is a metabolic by product that is produced by the ____. 10️️The BUN (Blood-Urea-Nitrogen) to creatinine ration is typically ____ to 1. 0.6-1.2️️When serum creatinine is high the GFR (glomerular filtration rate) is low. The WNL range for SERUM creatinine is ___ (#.#-#.#) mg/dL. 7-18️️When the BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) level rises, the GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) is low. The WNL range for BUN is ____ (#-#) mg/dL. 3.5-5.0️️The WNL range for potassium (K+) is ____ (#.#-#-#) mEq/L. 135-145️️The WNL range for sodium (Na+) is ____ (#-#) mEq/L. creatinine️️A proxy (another way) for determining the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is known as ____ clearance. A 24-hour urine specimen is collected to determine this. afferent️️The glomerulus is the first part of the nephron where the blood gets filtered. Blood enters through the [ afferent / efferent ] arteriole to the proximal tubule and begins the process of urine formation. The proximal and distal tubules are semi-selective membranes. Blood and proteins are reabsorbed into the circulation. urine️️The glomerulus is the first part of the nephron where the blood gets filtered. Blood enters through the afferent arteriole to the proximal tubule and begins the process of ____ formation. The proximal and distal tubules are semi-selective membranes. Blood and proteins are reabsorbed into the circulation. kidneys️️Urine formation * excretion of waste products * electrolyte, water and acid-base balance * renal clearance * regulation of RBC prod'n via erythropoietin * synthesis of active form of vitamin D * secretion of prostaglandins * All of these are key functions of the ____. hypertension️️The nurse knows that diabetes and ____ are major risk factors for chronic kidney disease. reabsorption️️Urine is formed in the nephrons through a complex three-step process: glomerular filtration, tubular ____, and tubular secretion. Approximately 180L/day of filtrate results in 1-2 L of urine. secretion️️Tubular ___ occurs when substances move from the peritubular capillary (blood) into the tubular lumen (filtrate). It helps with the elimination of K+, H+, ammonia, uric acid, some drugs and other waste products. 125️️The WNL GFR is ___ (#) mL/min. This is measured by (urine) creatinine clearance. decreases️️As renal function worsens, the level of creatinine clearance [ decreases / increases ]. older adult️️* Decreased kidney size * 50% fewer nephrons * 50% decrease in renal blood flow * kidney tubules less able to concentrate urine * risk for dehydration due to decreased perception of thirst. These are all factors which affect the kidneys in the ____ (two words) population. toxicity️️Due to many factors that result in decreased GFR in older adults, the nurse knows that older adults are more susceptible to drug ____. lengthen️️The nurse knows to [ lengthen / shorten ] intervals between doses and use the "start low and go slow" method with elderly patients to avoid drug toxicity. NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)️️The nurse knows to monitor elderly patients who may be taking aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin), tetracycline, cephalosporin and ____ (acronym only). Erythropoietin️️The kidneys release a hormone known as ____ that stimulates the stimulates the production of red blood cells (RBCs) by the bone marrow. nephrons️️The glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and proximal and distal tubules comprise the functional units of the kidneys known as the ____. directly️️The GFR is [ directly / indirectly ] related to adequate blood flow (blood volume) to the kidneys. Kidneys receive 1300 mL/min of blood or 25% of cardiac output. ADH (antidiuretic hormone)️️During urine formation, 1) glomerular filtration occurs from the blood into the nephron; 2) reabsorption occurs from the filtrate into blood; 3) tubular secretion from the peritubular capillaries into the filtrate; and reabsorption of water under the effects of ____ (acronym only). juxtaglomerular complex️️Located between the afferent and efferent blood vessels, the ____ (two words) is where blood pressure is maintained. Low blood pressure in this region signals to the kidneys to produce more renin as part of the RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)