MCPHS Anatomy & Physiology Exam Study
Material with Correct Solutions
Characteristics of life - ✔✔1) organization: structural levels/coordination
2) metabolism: ability to use energy (dig/resp system); all chemical rxn in body
3) responsiveness (aka irritability): ability to sense changes in environment and make
adjustment (shiver in cold weather)
4) growth: increase in size (constant rebuild/remake bones)
5) development: changes in cell structure/function from generalized to specialized
6) reproduction: formation of new cells/new organisms
Homeostasis - ✔✔- maintenance of constant internal environment (ex: body temp, BP, HR,
BR)
- Variables: conditions that change (ex: enviro temp)
Set point - ✔✔ideal, normal value ( not the same for everyone)
- goes along with metabolism
- react to being off-balance
Negative feedback - ✔✔mechanism that regulates homeostasis
negative meaning a deviation from set (ideal) point
- used most often
- wants to stop/reverse something
Negative feedback components (3) - ✔✔1) control center: establish the set point (brain)
2) receptor: detect changes (variables)
3) effector: respond to change
,Positive feedback - ✔✔- deviation from the set point becomes greater
- makes a bad situation worse
- rarely found in healthy people
ex) childbirth is a good pos feedback
ex) laceration > blood loss > low BP > heart pumps harder > lose more blood > even lower BP
Anatomical position - ✔✔person standing erect with face and palms forward
supine position - ✔✔person lying face up
prone position - ✔✔person lying face down
Superior/Inferior - ✔✔superior: above another structure
inferior: below another structure
Anterior/Posterior - ✔✔anterior: toward front
posterior: toward back
Medial/Lateral - ✔✔medial: close to midline
lateral: away from midline
Ipsilateral/Contralateral - ✔✔ipsilateral: same side of body
contralateral: opposite side of body
Proximal/Distal - ✔✔proximal: close to the point of attachment
, distal: away from the point of attachment
Superficial/deep - ✔✔superifical: close to surface
deep: toward interior of body
Safittal plane - ✔✔runs vertically and separates body into left and right
Midsagittal plane - ✔✔runs down the middle and divides body into equal left and right
halves
transverse plane - ✔✔runs horizontally and separates body into top and bottom
frontal - ✔✔runs vertically and separates body into anterior and posterior
Longitudinal organ cut - ✔✔cut along the length of the organ
Transverse/cross organ cut - ✔✔cut at a right angle at length of organ
oblique organ cut - ✔✔cut at anything but a right angle
body region: upper/lower limbs - ✔✔upper limbs: upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand
lower limbs: thigh, lower leg (crural), ankle, foot
body regions: central/trunk - ✔✔central: head, neck, trunk
trunk: thoracic (chest), abdomen, pelvis
Thoracic cavity - ✔✔heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea
Material with Correct Solutions
Characteristics of life - ✔✔1) organization: structural levels/coordination
2) metabolism: ability to use energy (dig/resp system); all chemical rxn in body
3) responsiveness (aka irritability): ability to sense changes in environment and make
adjustment (shiver in cold weather)
4) growth: increase in size (constant rebuild/remake bones)
5) development: changes in cell structure/function from generalized to specialized
6) reproduction: formation of new cells/new organisms
Homeostasis - ✔✔- maintenance of constant internal environment (ex: body temp, BP, HR,
BR)
- Variables: conditions that change (ex: enviro temp)
Set point - ✔✔ideal, normal value ( not the same for everyone)
- goes along with metabolism
- react to being off-balance
Negative feedback - ✔✔mechanism that regulates homeostasis
negative meaning a deviation from set (ideal) point
- used most often
- wants to stop/reverse something
Negative feedback components (3) - ✔✔1) control center: establish the set point (brain)
2) receptor: detect changes (variables)
3) effector: respond to change
,Positive feedback - ✔✔- deviation from the set point becomes greater
- makes a bad situation worse
- rarely found in healthy people
ex) childbirth is a good pos feedback
ex) laceration > blood loss > low BP > heart pumps harder > lose more blood > even lower BP
Anatomical position - ✔✔person standing erect with face and palms forward
supine position - ✔✔person lying face up
prone position - ✔✔person lying face down
Superior/Inferior - ✔✔superior: above another structure
inferior: below another structure
Anterior/Posterior - ✔✔anterior: toward front
posterior: toward back
Medial/Lateral - ✔✔medial: close to midline
lateral: away from midline
Ipsilateral/Contralateral - ✔✔ipsilateral: same side of body
contralateral: opposite side of body
Proximal/Distal - ✔✔proximal: close to the point of attachment
, distal: away from the point of attachment
Superficial/deep - ✔✔superifical: close to surface
deep: toward interior of body
Safittal plane - ✔✔runs vertically and separates body into left and right
Midsagittal plane - ✔✔runs down the middle and divides body into equal left and right
halves
transverse plane - ✔✔runs horizontally and separates body into top and bottom
frontal - ✔✔runs vertically and separates body into anterior and posterior
Longitudinal organ cut - ✔✔cut along the length of the organ
Transverse/cross organ cut - ✔✔cut at a right angle at length of organ
oblique organ cut - ✔✔cut at anything but a right angle
body region: upper/lower limbs - ✔✔upper limbs: upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand
lower limbs: thigh, lower leg (crural), ankle, foot
body regions: central/trunk - ✔✔central: head, neck, trunk
trunk: thoracic (chest), abdomen, pelvis
Thoracic cavity - ✔✔heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea
