BSC 108 Exam #2 with Complete Solutions
Contrast carbon fixation in C4 and CAM plants. - ANSWER-C4 plants separate carbon
fixation from the Calvin cycle spatially, whereas CAM plants do so using time.
Define heterozygous. - ANSWER-Heterozygous is when an organism has different
alleles for a gene.
Define homozygous. - ANSWER-Homozygous is when an organism has the same
alleles for a gene.
Describe fermentation in human muscle cells. - ANSWER-Muscles produce lactic acid
so that they can keep operating for a short time without oxygen.
Describe fermentation in microorganisms. - ANSWER-Produces CO2 and Ethyl Alcohol
as a result of anaerobically harvesting food energy.
Describe the cell cycle control system. - ANSWER-Prevents cells from reproducing too
quickly or too irregularly.
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplicate? - ANSWER-Interphase.
Give two examples of plants that use C4 photosynthesis. - ANSWER-Corn and Sugar
Cane.
How and where does carbon dioxide enter a plant? - ANSWER-Carbon dioxide enters
plants through small holes on their leaves, called stoma.
How and where does water enter a plant? - ANSWER-Water enters hairs on the plant's
roots through osmosis.
How do cancer cells differ from normal cells? - ANSWER-They do not respond normally
to the cell control system.
How does crossing over contribute to genetic diversity? - ANSWER-It leads to different
combinations of genes that may not have otherwise existed.
How does Meiosis I differ from Meiosis II? - ANSWER-Chromatids separate during
Meiosis II, whereas they stay together during Meiosis I.
How is your blood type determined? - ANSWER-Genes and alleles.
Is oxygen required for electron transport? - ANSWER-Yes.
Is oxygen required for Glycolysis? - ANSWER-No.
, List the inputs of Glycolysis. - ANSWER-2 ATP and Glucose.
List the inputs of the Citric Acid Cycle. - ANSWER-Acetic acid, ADP+P, 3 NAD+, and
FAD.
List the outputs of Glycolysis. - ANSWER-2 pyruvic acid and 4 ATP.
List the outputs of the Citric Acid Cycle. - ANSWER-2 CO2, ATP, 3 NADH, and FADH2.
List three origins of genetic variation. - ANSWER-Random mutation, Sexual
reproduction, and Genetic drift.
List three ways in which meiosis differs from mitosis. - ANSWER-Homologous
chromosomes group together during the first stage of Meiosis, not Mitosis; Meiosis
takes place in two phases, unlike Mitosis, which happens in one; and Mitosis results in
two daughter cells, whereas Meiosis yields four.
State the Law of Independent Assortment. - ANSWER-Each pair of alleles segregates
independently of the other pairs during gamete formation.
State the law of segregation? - ANSWER-The two members of an allele pair segregate
(separate) from each other during the production of gametes.
The Calvin Cycle has three main stages. Name the stages and summarize the events of
each stage. - ANSWER-Carbon Fixation, where plants attach carbon dioxide to a
chemical to start photosynthesis; Reduction Phase, where energy reacts with chemicals
to create simple sugars; and Carbohydrate Formation, where carbohydrates are
produced.
The first stage of cellular respiration is glycolysis. Where in the cell does glycolysis take
place? - ANSWER-The cytoplasm.
The light reactions take place in three stages. Name the stages and summarize the
events of each stage. - ANSWER-Absorption of Light, where sunlight is taken in by the
plant through chlorophylls; Electron Transport, where electrons travel in the thylakoid
membrane to transport the sunlight energy for conversion; and Generation of ATP,
where the sunlight energy is converted into energy for the plant.
The second stage of cellular respiration is the citric acid cycle. Where in the cell does
the citric acid cycle take place? - ANSWER-The mitochondrion.
The third stage of cellular respiration is electron transport. Where in the cell does
electron transport take place? - ANSWER-The mitochondria.
Contrast carbon fixation in C4 and CAM plants. - ANSWER-C4 plants separate carbon
fixation from the Calvin cycle spatially, whereas CAM plants do so using time.
Define heterozygous. - ANSWER-Heterozygous is when an organism has different
alleles for a gene.
Define homozygous. - ANSWER-Homozygous is when an organism has the same
alleles for a gene.
Describe fermentation in human muscle cells. - ANSWER-Muscles produce lactic acid
so that they can keep operating for a short time without oxygen.
Describe fermentation in microorganisms. - ANSWER-Produces CO2 and Ethyl Alcohol
as a result of anaerobically harvesting food energy.
Describe the cell cycle control system. - ANSWER-Prevents cells from reproducing too
quickly or too irregularly.
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplicate? - ANSWER-Interphase.
Give two examples of plants that use C4 photosynthesis. - ANSWER-Corn and Sugar
Cane.
How and where does carbon dioxide enter a plant? - ANSWER-Carbon dioxide enters
plants through small holes on their leaves, called stoma.
How and where does water enter a plant? - ANSWER-Water enters hairs on the plant's
roots through osmosis.
How do cancer cells differ from normal cells? - ANSWER-They do not respond normally
to the cell control system.
How does crossing over contribute to genetic diversity? - ANSWER-It leads to different
combinations of genes that may not have otherwise existed.
How does Meiosis I differ from Meiosis II? - ANSWER-Chromatids separate during
Meiosis II, whereas they stay together during Meiosis I.
How is your blood type determined? - ANSWER-Genes and alleles.
Is oxygen required for electron transport? - ANSWER-Yes.
Is oxygen required for Glycolysis? - ANSWER-No.
, List the inputs of Glycolysis. - ANSWER-2 ATP and Glucose.
List the inputs of the Citric Acid Cycle. - ANSWER-Acetic acid, ADP+P, 3 NAD+, and
FAD.
List the outputs of Glycolysis. - ANSWER-2 pyruvic acid and 4 ATP.
List the outputs of the Citric Acid Cycle. - ANSWER-2 CO2, ATP, 3 NADH, and FADH2.
List three origins of genetic variation. - ANSWER-Random mutation, Sexual
reproduction, and Genetic drift.
List three ways in which meiosis differs from mitosis. - ANSWER-Homologous
chromosomes group together during the first stage of Meiosis, not Mitosis; Meiosis
takes place in two phases, unlike Mitosis, which happens in one; and Mitosis results in
two daughter cells, whereas Meiosis yields four.
State the Law of Independent Assortment. - ANSWER-Each pair of alleles segregates
independently of the other pairs during gamete formation.
State the law of segregation? - ANSWER-The two members of an allele pair segregate
(separate) from each other during the production of gametes.
The Calvin Cycle has three main stages. Name the stages and summarize the events of
each stage. - ANSWER-Carbon Fixation, where plants attach carbon dioxide to a
chemical to start photosynthesis; Reduction Phase, where energy reacts with chemicals
to create simple sugars; and Carbohydrate Formation, where carbohydrates are
produced.
The first stage of cellular respiration is glycolysis. Where in the cell does glycolysis take
place? - ANSWER-The cytoplasm.
The light reactions take place in three stages. Name the stages and summarize the
events of each stage. - ANSWER-Absorption of Light, where sunlight is taken in by the
plant through chlorophylls; Electron Transport, where electrons travel in the thylakoid
membrane to transport the sunlight energy for conversion; and Generation of ATP,
where the sunlight energy is converted into energy for the plant.
The second stage of cellular respiration is the citric acid cycle. Where in the cell does
the citric acid cycle take place? - ANSWER-The mitochondrion.
The third stage of cellular respiration is electron transport. Where in the cell does
electron transport take place? - ANSWER-The mitochondria.
